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Chapter 6 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction
Chapter 6 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction

... Gene: piece of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA •As eukaryotic cell prepares to ÷, DNA and proteins associated w/ DNA coil into chromosomes Chromatids: 2 exact copies of DNA that make up each chromo Centromere: where 2 chromatids of chromo are attached ...
Mendelian Genetics
Mendelian Genetics

... short plant with white flowers (ttrr). What will the offspring look like? b. If two of the hybrid (F1) plants are crossed, what offspring can they produce? ...
SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE
SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE

... performed by SEX: providing within species, families and populations, that genetic variety without which long evolutionary success is improbable. Sexual reproduction is the formation of a new individual following the union of two gametes. In humans and the majority of other eukaryotes — plants as we ...
PDF
PDF

... meiosis and environmental pressures (Ramsey and Schemske, 2002; Comai, 2005). Polyploids may arise by intraspecies genome duplication (autopolyploids) or via interspecific hybridization (allopolyploids). The polyploidy-associated effects have been extensively reviewed in regard to expression pattern ...
Prokaryotic genomes
Prokaryotic genomes

... unselected pieces of DNA from the whole chromosome has been applied to obtain the complete nucleotide sequence (1,830,137 base pairs) of the genome from the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae Rd. This approach eliminates the need for initial mapping efforts and is therefore applicable to the vast arra ...
BB30055: Genes and genomes
BB30055: Genes and genomes

... design PCR primers unique to one locus in the genome .a single pair of PCR primers will produce different sized products for each of the different length microsatellites ...
Toothpick Chromosomes
Toothpick Chromosomes

... Explain: What will the students and teacher do so students have opportunities to clarify their ideas, reach a conclusion or generalization, and communicate what they know to others? After students complete the worksheet have a class discussion to clarify their ideas. Go over these points with the st ...
The principles and methods formulated by Gregor Mendel provide
The principles and methods formulated by Gregor Mendel provide

... for making a protein enzyme which helps to make melanin, the pigment which contributes to the color of skin, eyes and hair. Different versions of the gene (called alleles) code for different versions of the protein. One allele of this gene codes for an enzyme that produces melanin, resulting in norm ...
450 Mbp genome of rice, Oryza sativa
450 Mbp genome of rice, Oryza sativa

... contributed to this effort, including two large companies, Syngenta and Monsanto, who produced WGS drafts, a WGS draft by a Chinese genome center, and detailed clone-by-clone efforts by the Japanese. Several conclusions are worth noting: A. Despite about at least 200 Myr divergence between these two ...
Sex chromosomes determine gender Human males are the
Sex chromosomes determine gender Human males are the

... males with lower intellectual function are more likely to be convicted of crimes regardless of their karyotype XYY karyotype is over represented in tall males 1/325 More than 95% of all XYY males are not in prison ...
Sex for the purposes of this class refers to 4 components
Sex for the purposes of this class refers to 4 components

... males with lower intellectual function are more likely to be convicted of crimes regardless of their karyotype XYY karyotype is over represented in tall males 1/325 More than 95% of all XYY males are not in prison ...
Introduction to Protists - CK
Introduction to Protists - CK

... two diploid cells two haploid cells one diploid cell two haploid cells and two diploid cells ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Meiosis
PowerPoint Presentation - Meiosis

... Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half. Daughter cells differ from parent, and each other. Meiosis involves two divisions, Mitosis only one. Meiosis I involves: – Synapsis – homologous chromosomes pair up. Chiasmata form (crossing over of non-sister ...
solutions
solutions

... Ovaries are stimulates to release eggs by injection of hormones Eggs are retrieved and placed in fertilization container Sperm are added to fertilization container and left to fertilize eggs Fertilized eggs are left to grow into embryos One or two embryos are selected to be transferred to uterus of ...
Meiosis - TeacherWeb
Meiosis - TeacherWeb

... • Intimate contact provides route for infection by parasites (AIDS, syphillis, etc.) • Genetic costs: in sex, we pass on only half of genes to offspring. • Males - in most species they contribute little to rearing offspring. ...
EXTREME SURVIVAL STUDY GUIDE BIOLOGY 3rd
EXTREME SURVIVAL STUDY GUIDE BIOLOGY 3rd

... Identify possible applications for the use of Recombinant DNA and Transgenic Organisms (plants, animals, bacteria) in agriculture, industry, energy, and pharmaceutical applications. ...
The Fugates Inheritance
The Fugates Inheritance

... Dominant vs recessive Dominant - a genetic trait is considered dominant if it is expressed in a person who has only one copy of that gene (example: BB or Bb) Recessive - the recessive form is overpowered by its counterpart, or dominant, form located on the other of a pair of chromosomes (example: bb ...
Midterm 2 - 1996
Midterm 2 - 1996

... If the choice was a good one, pairs of SNP loci drawn from a 10 cM region should include many that show high levels of linkage disequilibrium. c. (3 points) Suppose that a genome scan indicates statistically significant association between variation in the disease phenotype and variation at multiple ...
Mendelian Genetics
Mendelian Genetics

... • Now we know that a gene codes for a protein (enzyme) • Genetic Recombination – when there is a new combination of genes produced by crossing over. – Linked genes usually travel together during gamete formation. This is an exception to Mendel’s law of segregation. – Crossing over is more frequent b ...
Diagram 1. For use in Activity 2 Draw the chromosomes, with
Diagram 1. For use in Activity 2 Draw the chromosomes, with

... Fathers give their only X to their daughters. That the daughter shows a recessive trait would demand (if it were sex-linked) that she receive an X carrying the recessive allele from each parent. But then the father who only has one X would have to exhibit the trait. Since he does not, this pedigree ...
Sex-linked, Mitochondrial Inheritance (Learning Objectives
Sex-linked, Mitochondrial Inheritance (Learning Objectives

... • Use a Punnett square to determine the probability of passing of an Xlinked gene and the phenotype to girls or boys based on the genotypes of the parents. • Explain the difference between sex-limited traits and sex-influenced ...
Genetics Since Mendel
Genetics Since Mendel

... how a trait is inherited, they can predict the probability that a baby will be born with a specific trait. Pedigrees also are important in breeding animals or plants. Because livestock and plant crops are used as sources of food, these organisms are bred to increase their yield and nutritional conte ...
genome_mapping.pdf
genome_mapping.pdf

... chromosome ends up in an egg or sperm. The 4 different possibilities for chromosome 5 in this example are shown at the left. ...
1 AP Biology Meiosis lab with Sordaria To observe crossing over in
1 AP Biology Meiosis lab with Sordaria To observe crossing over in

... To observe crossing over in Sordaria, one must make hybrids between wild type and mutant strains of Sordaria. Wild type Sordaria have black ascospores (+). One mutant strain has tan spores (tn). When mycelia of these two different strains come together and undergo meiosis, the asci that develop will ...
Yr7 - NVT Online
Yr7 - NVT Online

... field, combinations of two or more Yr genes were developed by crossing single gene NILs ...
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Polyploid



Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (Eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes—one set inherited from each parent. However, polyploidy is found in some organisms and is especially common in plants. In addition, polyploidy occurs in some tissues of animals that are otherwise diploid, such as human muscle tissues. This is known as endopolyploidy. Species whose cells do not have nuclei, that is, Prokaryotes, may be polyploid organisms, as seen in the large bacterium Epulopicium fishelsoni [1]. Hence ploidy is defined with respect to a cell. Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis. A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes, and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally diploid. Male bees and other Hymenoptera, for example, are monoploid. Unlike animals, plants and multicellular algae have life cycles with two alternating multicellular generations. The gametophyte generation is haploid, and produces gametes by mitosis, the sporophyte generation is diploid and produces spores by meiosis.Polyploidy refers to a numerical change in a whole set of chromosomes. Organisms in which a particular chromosome, or chromosome segment, is under- or overrepresented are said to be aneuploid (from the Greek words meaning ""not"", ""good"", and ""fold""). Therefore the distinction between aneuploidy and polyploidy is that aneuploidy refers to a numerical change in part of the chromosome set, whereas polyploidy refers to a numerical change in the whole set of chromosomes.Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division, either during mitosis, or commonly during metaphase I in meiosis.Polyploidy occurs in some animals, such as goldfish, salmon, and salamanders, but is especially common among ferns and flowering plants (see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), including both wild and cultivated species. Wheat, for example, after millennia of hybridization and modification by humans, has strains that are diploid (two sets of chromosomes), tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes) with the common name of durum or macaroni wheat, and hexaploid (six sets of chromosomes) with the common name of bread wheat. Many agriculturally important plants of the genus Brassica are also tetraploids.Polyploidy can be induced in plants and cell cultures by some chemicals: the best known is colchicine, which can result in chromosome doubling, though its use may have other less obvious consequences as well. Oryzalin will also double the existing chromosome content.
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