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Slide 1
Slide 1

... 3. Haplodiploidy-insect such as ants and bees Unfertilized eggs develop into haploid individuals, which are the males. Diploid individuals are generally female Males cannot have sons or fathers. Many females can decide the sex of their offspring by storing received sperm and either releasing it for ...
Classical (Mendelian) Genetics
Classical (Mendelian) Genetics

... When he crossed a round pea and wrinkled pea, the offspring (F1 gen.) always had round peas. When he crossed these F1 plants, however, he would get offspring which produced round and wrinkled peas in a 3:1 ratio. ...
Topic Review Guide – Speciation
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... 7. Explain why polyploidy is much more common in plant species than in animal species. How can polyploidy lead to reproductive isolation? 8. Recall that sexual selection is the process by which females of a species seeking a mate select the males of their species based on an attractive appearance or ...
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... cell and that it contains a nucleus. They may even be aware that each human cell has 46 chromosomes, with all of a person’s DNA organized into two sets of 23 chromosomes. During this grade level, students will begin to get more in-depth in their understanding that constructs called chromosomes conta ...
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... from those that preclude any mating events, to instances where different species may interbreed but not produce any offspring. Any differences that arise between separated populations that prevent formation of a zygote when individuals of each population come into contact are defined as prezygotic m ...
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Resource Presentation Pwpt - CIA-Biology-2011-2012

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... Genetic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in small populations that are taken from, or are remnants of, larger populations. A new population will be established, and as long as mates are chosen only within this population, all the members will be descended from the founders. An allele th ...
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... – By 1990, new DNA technology allowed scientists to sequence the human genome that was completed in a rough draft in 2000. – Knowing just the sequence is only part of the picture as knowing the functions of the polypeptide chains in important. – As we will see with Darwin, this project and sequencin ...
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... THE PROBLEM • At least 30,000 genes • Among 3 BILLION base-pairs of the human genome. • Genes interact with the environment • Genes interact with each other • Environmental influences alone can cause disease • Chance plays a role ...
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... Chromosomes, genes, alleles and mutations (SL) State that eukaryote chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. Define gene, allele and genome. Define gene mutation. Explain the consequences of a base substitution mutation in relation to the processes of transcription and translation, using the exampl ...
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... on the Y chromosome are found only in males and are passed directly from father to son. Genes located on the X chromosome are found in both sexes, but the fact that men have just one X chromosome leads to some interesting consequences. For example, humans have three genes responsible for color visio ...
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... t(5;11)(q35;p15.5) in 2 children with acute myeloid leukemia with apparently normal karyotypes, identified by a multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization telomere assay. Blood. 2002 ...
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LEQ: What did Mendel discover about the patterns of inheritance?

...  Allele that is only expressed in the absence of the dominant allele; represented using lower case of dominant letter ...
LEQ: What did Mendel discover about the patterns of inheritance?
LEQ: What did Mendel discover about the patterns of inheritance?

...  Allele that is only expressed in the absence of the dominant allele; represented using lower case of dominant letter ...
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... The reason for these laws is found in the nature of the cell nucleus. It is made up of several chromosomes carrying the genetic traits. In a normal cell, each of these chromosomes has two parts, the chromatids. A reproductive cell, which is created in a process called meiosis, usually contains only ...
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... A cross was made between female flies with white eyes and miniature wings (both X-linked recessive traits) to male flies with red eyes and normal wings. On rare occasions, female offspring were produced with white eyes. If we assume these females are due to errors in meiosis, what would be the most ...
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... • Think of you + a second cousin • Who is your most recent common ancestor? • Provides a basis for assertion that you are more closely related to your first than your second cousin ...
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Polyploid



Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (Eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes—one set inherited from each parent. However, polyploidy is found in some organisms and is especially common in plants. In addition, polyploidy occurs in some tissues of animals that are otherwise diploid, such as human muscle tissues. This is known as endopolyploidy. Species whose cells do not have nuclei, that is, Prokaryotes, may be polyploid organisms, as seen in the large bacterium Epulopicium fishelsoni [1]. Hence ploidy is defined with respect to a cell. Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis. A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes, and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally diploid. Male bees and other Hymenoptera, for example, are monoploid. Unlike animals, plants and multicellular algae have life cycles with two alternating multicellular generations. The gametophyte generation is haploid, and produces gametes by mitosis, the sporophyte generation is diploid and produces spores by meiosis.Polyploidy refers to a numerical change in a whole set of chromosomes. Organisms in which a particular chromosome, or chromosome segment, is under- or overrepresented are said to be aneuploid (from the Greek words meaning ""not"", ""good"", and ""fold""). Therefore the distinction between aneuploidy and polyploidy is that aneuploidy refers to a numerical change in part of the chromosome set, whereas polyploidy refers to a numerical change in the whole set of chromosomes.Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division, either during mitosis, or commonly during metaphase I in meiosis.Polyploidy occurs in some animals, such as goldfish, salmon, and salamanders, but is especially common among ferns and flowering plants (see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), including both wild and cultivated species. Wheat, for example, after millennia of hybridization and modification by humans, has strains that are diploid (two sets of chromosomes), tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes) with the common name of durum or macaroni wheat, and hexaploid (six sets of chromosomes) with the common name of bread wheat. Many agriculturally important plants of the genus Brassica are also tetraploids.Polyploidy can be induced in plants and cell cultures by some chemicals: the best known is colchicine, which can result in chromosome doubling, though its use may have other less obvious consequences as well. Oryzalin will also double the existing chromosome content.
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