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Proposed SSR Technology Questions Answers to Proposed Questions
Proposed SSR Technology Questions Answers to Proposed Questions

... 2) Define the difference in switching means between an Electromechanical Relay (EMR), a Solid State Relay (SSR), and a Hybrid Relay (HSR). For a 25 amp application, which type device has the least initial cost, and which has the highest initial cost? EMRs utilize electromechanical means with moving ...
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Core practical 3: Determine the emf and internal resistance of an
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... The cell and the resistor, labelled r, should be connected in series and used as a single circuit element. As a plan for this practical, draw a circuit that will connect the 100 Ω variable resistor across the cell (and resistor r) and measure the potential difference V across the variable resistance ...
Three Phase Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter with Ac
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... phase legs of the series-chain of H-bridge inverter, which can possibly generate different output voltage waveforms and offers the potential for ac system phase-balancing. This feature is impossible in other Voltage source control topologies utilizing a common dc link. Since this topology consists o ...
OPAx316 10-MHz, Low-Power, Low-Noise, RRIO, 1.8
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... It sets the switching frequency, which is constant for steady state operating conditions, and provides immediate response to dynamic load changes. To get accurate DC load regulation, a voltage feedback loop is used. The internally compensated regulation network achieves fast and stable operation wit ...
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... 275mA for two hours and so on. In reality it's not quite that simple because if the discharge current is high, the battery won't last as long as it should in principle. The capacity also depends on the temperature in which the battery is used (drops at low temperatures) and how old the battery is. A ...
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... RF voltage across C16 reaches approximately 0.7 V. This energizes K1, which then routes the transmitted RF signal from J1 to the input of the amplifier and sends the output of the amplifier to the antenna at J2. RF-sensed relay response is very fast. No noticeable clipping of the first CW character ...
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... Independent enable inputs allow for synchronization or sequencing soft-start intervals of the two converter channels. A third enable input allows additional sequencing for multi-input bias supply designs. Individual power-good indicators (PG1, PG2) signal when output voltage is within the regulation ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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