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MAX4473 Low-Cost, Low-Voltage, PA Power Control Amplifier for GSM Applications General Description
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... RL = 10kΩ, CL = 300pF, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at VCC = 6.0V, VPC = 1.0V, TA = +25°C.) (Note 1) ...
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... 2) Cover the surface of workbench by electroconductive metal plates and ground measuring instruments and jigs. 3) Use the soldering iron which has a small leakage current or ground the soldering tip. (The soldering iron for a low voltage is recommended) 4) Ground the assembling equipment. 5) When pa ...
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... Cowling's Rule? Express the answer as a single rational (or fractional) expression in terms of D. Perform the indicated operation(s). Simplify if possible. 3x x-1 ...
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... decreases phase margin and can produce excessive ringing and oscillation. Figure 3 shows a circuit modification that uses an isolation resistor (RISO) to eliminate this problem. Figure 4 shows a graph of the Optimal Isolation Resistor (RISO) vs. Capacitive Load. Figure 5 shows how a capacitive load ...
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... FET switch turns off, the output current is regulated. In DC-input flyback power supplies very small capacitors are used on the ILED pin for quick response to changing loads or input voltage. The capacitor on this pin can be much larger if the load voltage does not change rapidly. LED current can be ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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