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What is a meter
What is a meter

... In a real CRT, as shown in the above photograph, there are two pairs of deflection plates rather than just one. In order to be able to sweep the electron beam around the whole area of the screen rather than just in a straight line, the beam must be deflected in more than one dimension. Although thes ...
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... In the last two decades, protection engineers have come to expect an impedance-based fault locator as a standard feature in a line protective relay. From now on, expect line protective relays to offer traveling-wave fault locating with ten-fold better accuracy. The SEL-T400L incorporates a single-en ...
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... When the controller detects either state that should be protected the overcurrent (OCP) and the over temperature (TSD), the FOB pin outputs low (open drain) and it returns to normal operation synchronizing with the carrier frequency. Even when this function is not used, the FOB pin is pull-up to the ...
heater energisation circuitry - MSS web-site
heater energisation circuitry - MSS web-site

... can be seen that each end cap has three taps, the voltage at these taps is suitably balanced with a proportion of the voltage across the whole end cap as shown in figure 2. This scheme is such that if a quench propagated symmetrically around any one of the three taps, the remaining two taps would de ...
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LT1511

... switching regulators in the battery charger and the computer power supply are typically supplying a fixed amount of power to the load. If input voltage comes up slowly compared to the soft start time, the regulators will try to deliver full power to the load when the input voltage is still well belo ...
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... while the specified load is connected between both terminals at the same ambient temperature as specified above; provided that the measured value shall be based on meter reading taken 8 seconds after the circuit is closed. Service life: Test specimen batteries shall be kept for 8 hours or longer at ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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