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Voltage Drop, Potential Difference and EMF 1 Introduction
Voltage Drop, Potential Difference and EMF 1 Introduction

... great care is required when considering examples outside “ordinary” circuit analysis where these familiar approximations can be very poor (sec. 3.4). An “ordinary” circuit, operating at angular frequency ω, is a circuit for which:4 1. The size of the circuit is small compared to the wavelength λ = 2 ...
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... Cellular, PCS, LTE, WiMAX, SATELLITE IF ±0.6 dB over 50 to 3000 MHz; ±0.10 dB over 700 to 2700 MHz eliminates need for gain flattening for most applications ...
BU52072GWZ - ROHM Semiconductor
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... A conducting wire gets heated when electric current flows through it. The rate at which heat is dissipated from this wire depends on the conductivity of the surrounding media. The conductivity of the surrounding media in turn depends on the density of the surrounding media (that is, lower pressure o ...
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... Power-Fail Comparator Output. Digital output from the power-fail comparator. Input Pin. The ON (ON-CLR) pin is an input to a comparator that has a low-to-high threshold of 1.3 V with 80 mV hysteresis and a glitch filter. The ADM1172 is reset when the ON (ON-CLR) pin is low. When the ON (ON-Error!) p ...
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PAM2841 Description Pin Assignments

... B. A critical component is any component in a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or to affect its safety or effectiveness. Customers represent that they have all necessary expertise in the safety and regul ...
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... RF input pin and power up down control. Supply VPC =3.3V thru a 4.7Kohm resistor to this pin. For more gain (~0.3dB), a 5.6nH inductor can also be used in place of the resistor. If an inductor is used, move the 4.7k resistor towards the DC supply, but still in series with pin 1. A minimum 1k series ...
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DMS-20LCD Series - Murata Power Solutions
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... must be fully tested by the user, using a combination of low supply voltages and the input signal’s minimum and maximum levels, to ensure that all display readings are valid as long as the LOW BAT annunciator remains off. 6. Gain Adjust: There is a gain-adjust potentiometer on the back of each meter ...
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Solutions - University of California, Berkeley
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... Notice that this circuit is similar to a traditional CMOS inverter, except that the nonlinear device acts as an NMOS transistor (NMOS devices are hard to make using these carbon nanotubes). From the concepts discussed thus far in lecture and from the results of your VTC, what are the disadvantages o ...
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... and the strong drive for its commercialization. Dynamic electric load variations and wind velocity excursions cause excessive changes in the prime mover kinetic energy and the corresponding electrical power injected into the AC grid utility system. In this paper, a scheme based on the low cost stati ...
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PSU_Part1_EfficiencyPowerFactor - Renesas e

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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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