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Current Control of VSI-PWM Inverters
Current Control of VSI-PWM Inverters

... to observe the operating characteristics of the hysteresis controller when the load counter EMF is zero. The line current and current reference are shown in Fig. 9. The inverter has periods of high switching frequency which are interrupted occasionally when the inverter applies a zero voltage vector ...
CHAPTER 9: TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, STRAIN AND MOTION
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... Measurement with thermocouples In order to provide circuits optimized for temperature measurements, manufacturers have devised special thermocouple digital thermometers. Essentially, the thermometer is a digital voltmeter that uses a computer memory to store the Seebeck coefficients and a microproce ...
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Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne  Department of Engineering  ECE 406 
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... the voltage across the shunt resistor, which is ±25 mV (or 50 mV). For drift errors, the largest change in temperature (ΔT) is 100ºC, which is the difference between the maximum specified temperature (125ºC) and room temperature (25ºC). This temperature change is used when calculating drift errors f ...
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... designed to find the disparity in a region of limited depth around the horopter. The algorithm can be used for stereo matching in one- or two-dimensional images. One-dimensional stimuli can be used to test many of the basic features of a stereo matching algorithm, because the eyes are displaced from ...
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An Optimal Power Supply And Body Bias Voltage
An Optimal Power Supply And Body Bias Voltage

... needed at the boundary of the two components to transfer different signal levels. Thus, our target is that these two components be independently controlled with V BN (P ) and share a common VDD . We represent the V BN (P ) for the memory part V BN (P )M . When both components work at the given operat ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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