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Three-Level Inverter-Based Shunt Active Power Filter , Member, IEEE
Three-Level Inverter-Based Shunt Active Power Filter , Member, IEEE

... In a three-phase four-wire system, due to the presence of the neutral current, the reference current can be calculated, as presented in [10] and [11]. The basic structure of compensation in a four-wire system is shown in Fig. 2(b). The configuration of the controls for the APF in a four-wire system ...
section 6 - Electrical and Computer Engineering
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... In typical true SPDT designs, the armature is mechanically tensioned against the normally closed contact, and is moved to the normally open contact upon application of a magnetic field. The SPDT contact combination can also be achieved by joining a SPST-NO switch with an appropriately adjusted SPST- ...
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... for undervoltage conditions at the SENSE input. During power up, the RESET output becomes active (low) when VCC attains a value approaching 3.6 V. At this point (assuming that SENSE is above VIT+), the delay timer function activates a time delay, after which outputs RESET and RESET go inactive (high ...
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... believes it is not a problem, and is cured by providing sufficient levels of negative feedback – ergo high open loop gain, and hence high loop gain are what is prescribed2. Both parties have published papers supporting their claims. I am not going to take a hard position on this issue here, since th ...
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ECE PowerPoint Presentation - Multimedia Communications
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... Usable in the following ranges by scaling: -1999 to 9999, -199.9 to 999.9, -19.99 to 99.99 or -1.999 to 9.999 Setting number ...
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... input. The user should refer to the corresponding peripheral section for additional information. Unlike other PORTC pins, RC4 and RC5 do not have TRISC bits associated with them. As digital ports, they can only function as digital inputs. If an external transceiver is used, RC4 and RC5 always functi ...
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... For the AUX power input, the higher potential should feed into the center pin of P1. When using TP3 and TP4 for the quick AUX input connection to a bench power supply, be aware that TP3 is the high potential pin. The diode DE1 provides the reverse protection of the AUX input. Please note that TP4 an ...
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... Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet. Copyright  2004, Texas Instruments Incorporated ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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