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charge pumps for implantable microstimulators in low and
charge pumps for implantable microstimulators in low and

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E013418426

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... The voltage-coil circuit may have capacitance as well as inductance, this being largely due to inter-turn capacitance in the high-value series resistor. The effect produced is similar to that of inductance in this circuit, except that the voltage-coil current tends to lead the applied voltage instea ...
G. Hassan, D.J. Perreault, and T.A. Keim, “Design of Dual-Output Alternators with Switched-Mode Rectification,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics , Vol. 20, No. 1, Jan. 2005, pp. 164-172.
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... to be able to direct full matched power to either output under all conditions, the machine must have a load matched voltage below 14 V under all conditions, and the SMR must operate over a wide boost range to direct load-matched power to either output. This results in a high rating of the SMR device ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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