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Technical Guide No. 102
Technical Guide No. 102

Faraday`s Law and Joule Heating
Faraday`s Law and Joule Heating

... Manually initialize the pendulum and release it to swing freely, having selected from the two possibilities, a single direction of passage through the photogate with which to operate. Before passage, the start/stop switch is depressed to clear the display and arm the timer. Following passage of the ...
electronic instrumentation
electronic instrumentation

70 MHz AND 140 MHz IF TO IF FREQUENCY CONVERTERS
70 MHz AND 140 MHz IF TO IF FREQUENCY CONVERTERS

A digitally programmable delay element: design and analysis
A digitally programmable delay element: design and analysis

... A. Mathematical Model of the Proposed Delay Element Fig. 9 shows part of the delay element. In order to have a ratio of transistor M8 should be better controllability, the much bigger than that of M7. In such an arrangement the current is controlled by M7. In order to find a relationship between (th ...
AL80B manual
AL80B manual

www.BDTIC.com/FAIRCHILD 1V5KE6V8(C)A - 1V5KE440(C)A 1500 W Transient Voltage Suppressors 1V5KE6V8(C)A - 1V5KE440(C)A —
www.BDTIC.com/FAIRCHILD 1V5KE6V8(C)A - 1V5KE440(C)A 1500 W Transient Voltage Suppressors 1V5KE6V8(C)A - 1V5KE440(C)A —

... parts. Customers who inadvertently purchase counterfeit parts experience many problems such as loss of brand reputation, substandard performance, failed applications, and increased cost of production and manufacturing delays. Fairchild is taking strong measures to protect ourselves and our customers ...
Interruption of small inductive currents in A.C. circuits
Interruption of small inductive currents in A.C. circuits

... transformers) the restriking voltage can rise rapidly to high values as a result of "current-chopping". Current-chopping is the sudden collapse of the current prior to its natura! zero value. The electromagnetic power which is built up in the self-inductances of the circuit at the moment of current- ...
Single-Phase to Three-Phase Drive System Using Two Parallel Single-Phase Rectifiers
Single-Phase to Three-Phase Drive System Using Two Parallel Single-Phase Rectifiers

... with single-carrier (with µ = 1) and double-carrier (with µ = 1), respectively. For the double-carrier [see Fig. 5(c)] the voltage vab has smaller amplitude and better distribution along the half switching period than that of single-carrier [see Fig. 5(a)], which means a lower WTHD (as observed in F ...
quadrature clock converter
quadrature clock converter

... X4/X1 (Pin 6) This input selects between X1 and X4 modes of operation. A high-level selects X4 mode and a low-level selects the X1 mode. In X4 mode, an output pulse is generated for every transition at either A or B input. In X1 mode, an output pulse is generated in one combined A/B input cycle. (Se ...
Si823x Data Sheet
Si823x Data Sheet

DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW ACTUATION VOLTAGE RF MEMS
DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW ACTUATION VOLTAGE RF MEMS

... disadvantage is the high operating voltage that is required to actuate the switch. A typical MEMS switch requires between 20V-80V for operation [1]. A large variation of MEMS switches were studied and developed by many different research groups [1-3]. The MEMS switch typically use actuation mechanis ...
Modeling and Evaluation of dv/dt Filters for
Modeling and Evaluation of dv/dt Filters for

... characteristics. Simulation of distributed-parameter transmission lines including distortion effects is not straightforward [11]. One technique to calculate transmission line waveforms is to use transport time-delay computation, which assume very simple form if the transmission line characteristics ...
Electric Current, Resistance, and Semiconductors
Electric Current, Resistance, and Semiconductors

Industrial Automation
Industrial Automation

Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures

... difference which is occurring let us take it as T2 minus T1 which is equal to P into theta. Theta is the thermal resistance which is given in degree centigrade per watt. Basically this is analogous to an electrical law like in the left side T2 minus T1, the temperature difference if we consider that ...
PDF
PDF

LTC6601-2 - Low Power, Low Distortion, Low Power, Low Distortion, 5MHz to 27MHz, Pin Configurable Filter/ADC Driver
LTC6601-2 - Low Power, Low Distortion, Low Power, Low Distortion, 5MHz to 27MHz, Pin Configurable Filter/ADC Driver

... Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under the Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: All pins are protected by steering diodes to either supply. If ...
Optimization of Phase-Locked Loop Circuits via Geometric
Optimization of Phase-Locked Loop Circuits via Geometric

BA157, BA158, BA159D, BA159 Fast Switching Plastic Rectifier
BA157, BA158, BA159D, BA159 Fast Switching Plastic Rectifier

ZR285 Description Pin Assignment Typical Application Circuit
ZR285 Description Pin Assignment Typical Application Circuit

... precision micropower voltage reference of 2.5 volts. The device is available in a small outline surface mount package, ideal for applications where space saving is important. The ZR285 design provides a stable voltage without an external capacitor and is stable with capacitive loads. The ZR285 is re ...
v series ii powered subwoofers
v series ii powered subwoofers

... The Auto On/Off feature allows you to either choose between manually powering up the speaker or selecting the Automatic On feature. The Auto circuit detects a signal, turns the power on allowing it to pass a signal and shuts the power off after 20 minutes of silence. AC Power Requirements Make sure ...
Simultaneous Photon Counting and Charge Integrating
Simultaneous Photon Counting and Charge Integrating

... 3 differential pairs: • continuous reset of the CSA feedback capacitor • signal replication to source the integrator • leakage current compensation ...
Internal Heating of an IGBT Module in a System  Michel Mabano
Internal Heating of an IGBT Module in a System Michel Mabano

... MOSFET and alike. The use of a frequency converter in many industries is driven by the need to reduce the energy waste; since the speed could be increased or reduced to a required level at ease, as opposed to traditional means whereby a motor is ran at constant speed. In short, a frequency converter ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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