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Exam Review F13
Exam Review F13

... a) Sketch a circuit diagram showing a two-cell battery and two light bulbs (1 and 2) connected in parallel. One light is switched on and the other is turned off. An ammeter is reading the total current in the circuit. b) If V1 = 6 V, IS = 3 A, and I1 = 1 A, find VS, I2, and R1. Show the formula you ...
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...  - Also known as a Delta-Sigma ADC over samples the desired signal by a large factor and filters the desired signal band. Generally a smaller number of bits than required are converted using a Flash ADC after the Filter. The resulting signal, along with the error generated by the discrete levels of ...
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... Fig. 2 shows the standard deviation of DI0 against a for 60 days of data. We use a ¼ 2.4 since, as shown in the Figure, this choice minimises the standard deviation of DI0 . The existence of a unique minimum indicates that our assumption of a linear dependence of drain current on temperature is corr ...
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... Contact Arrangement — TPST NO and TPDT NC Rated Operating Voltage — 115/200 VAC, 400 Hz, 3 phase Current, Resistive — 60 Amps Current, Inductive — 60 Amps Current, Motor — 60 Amps Current, Rupture — 600 Amps ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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