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class ab square root domain filter
class ab square root domain filter

... transistor to realize the expander f() which result in class A filter. Input signal currents can not be larger than input bias currents, It is well known that the power dissipation and the capacitor area is proportion to the dynamic range of class A filter. A general approach for the implementation ...
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... resistant, robust, light-weight aluminum alloy material and illumination of the sign is provided with red, high-efficient LEDs. The Ex-Lite Z is available as an AC only version while the Ex-lite ZE is available with self contained battery. As an emergency lighting luminaire with self contained batte ...
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MS Word theory document for JLH-822 voltage

... To calculate all but R12, let’s assume 1mA of current (we will see later that I actually use 4mA). To get 0.0833 volts drop across R, I need 83 ohms. Remember Ohm’s law says V=I*R. So, 83 ohms X .001 amps = 0.083 volts. Ideally, the multiples of 0.083 volts would occur around the center of the trim ...
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... 3 :To prevent surge destruction, the wiring between the smoothing capacitor and the P, N1 terminals should be as short as possible. Generally inserting a 0.1μ~0.22μF snubber capacitor C3 between the P-N1 terminals is recommended. 4 :R1, C4 of RC filter for preventing protection circuit malfunction i ...
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LET - Syllabus - Directorate of Technical Education

... answer. No deduction of mark will be made for unanswered questions. Possession & use of calculator, logarithm table, mobile phones or any similar electronics equipments are not permitted in the examination. The subjects includes English, Mathematics, Engineering Mechanics, IT and Computer Science, C ...
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... (iv) For converting variable-speed voltage to constant frequency output voltage for use as power supply in aircraft or shipboards. (v) Wind generators ...
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... – its resistance value may be greatly altered – damaged resistors may be detected by charred or altered appearance of the surface, otherwise a suspect resistor should be removed from the circuit and checked with an ohmmeter ...
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... Unique features, such as a "% Error" function, which eliminates manual error calculation and allows the display of the actual versus ideal error at any calibration point, put the LC-100 way beyond similar instruments. The Martel LC-100 can simulate, power, and measure two-wire transmitters. With aut ...
< 1 ... 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 ... 2207 >

Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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