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IE_F10_lecture8
IE_F10_lecture8

Chapter 6 - An
Chapter 6 - An

... 1- The capacitors are replaced by effective shorts because their values are selected so that the capacitive resistance XC is negligible at the signal frequency and can be considered to be 0 Ω. * Note that C2 must be large enough so that XC2 is very small compared to RE ( ...
Electrical Current
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... Ohm’s Law shows that as long as the electrical circuit is at constant temperature (no heat is being generated), the ratio of potential difference to current is constant for a given conductor The resistance for most conductors do not vary as the magnitude or direction of the potential applied to it c ...
SF6 - ER Publications
SF6 - ER Publications

... across the test cells. In the above table, the practical values of residual voltages of ZnO blocks at different voltages. The observations are as follows, i) Residual voltage is a dependent on the temperature of the blocks i.e. if the block temperature is increased then the ...
Table A - Camosun College
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Lecture 5 - Physics at PMB
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... Example 2.1: The resistivity of a wire A current of 0.5 A passes through a copper wire 1.8 m long and 0.1 mm in diameter at 20⁰C. If the p.d. across the ends of the wire is 2 V, calculate 1. the resistance of the wire, and 2. the resistivity of copper. Example 2.2: The resistance of a wire at differ ...
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High Definition Stereo Headphone Amplifier Ear+ Purist HD Ear+ HD300
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KST290 7A PNP Epitaxial Silicon Transistor

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... Total energy dissipation in a conventional CMOS circuit is mostly composed of two components: switching energy due to charging and discharging for loads, and static energy dissipation caused by leakage currents of MOS devices [1]. Technology scaling increases the density and performance of integrate ...
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a voltage-controlled dstatcom for power-quality

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RHD5963 - Aeroflex Microelectronic Solutions

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... The THR-3 Series products are designed to replace thousands of products from Macromatic and many other manufacturers with just three Catalog Numbers. Each comes with four functions & four timing ranges covering 0.1 second to 100 minutes (1,000 minutes on THR-3856U dual time unit). On the same unit, ...
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... a. When an ultrasonic wave meets the surface of separation between two media, it undergoes reflection. b. By the superposition of two ultrasonic waves of nearly the same frequency beats can be produced. c. The frequency of ultrasonic waves varies when there is a relative motion between the source an ...
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... by zeroing the independent sources and determining the complex impedance looking into the circuit terminals. ...
BUX87
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... Temporal Code. The panel also includes a common alarm relay which is configurable (via jumper) to follow the signal circuit or lock on until the Alarm has been reset. The cabinet is available in a beige colour and the Fire Retardant Lexan Window in the hinged door allows for viewing of the status LE ...
OP1177/OP2177/OP4177
OP1177/OP2177/OP4177

... OP1177 is the fourth generation of ADI’s industry standard OP07 amplifier family. OP1177 is a very high-precision, low-noise operational amplifier with the highly desirable combination of extremely low offset voltage and very low input bias currents. Unlike JFET amplifiers, the low bias and offset c ...
Figure 2
Figure 2

... e mail address is: [email protected]. I have derived the equation for Vsec/Vpri. The expression is really complicated and is most easily studied by programming it, using EXCEL or some other similar scratch pad program. The classical example of two oscillators coupled to one another is two pendulums j ...
1237673139
1237673139

... LEDs are now used in cars, traffic lights, domestic and industrial lighting and many other applications White LEDs are already more efficient than compact fluorescent lamps Research indicates that they can still improve by a factor of 5 beyond this The intensity of the light is proportional to the c ...
< 1 ... 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 ... 2207 >

Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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