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Physics 160 Lecture 6
Physics 160 Lecture 6

... e des desired ed b bias as cu current. e Current in the divider should be >> IB. But if R1 and R2 are too small, the input impedance will be low. C Rin must be large enough not to attenuate the lowest C·R frequencies of interest. ...
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... combined temperature and process variations of 5% obtained on a circuit fabricated in a 0.15- m CMOS process. This paper describes a CMOS current reference based on a low supply bandgap voltage reference (BGR) in order to provide a temperature compensated voltage. The temperature compensated current ...
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... The MICROMASTER 440 is available in six frame sizes (A - F) and offers higher power ranges than the 420, with a corresponding increase in functionality. For example, the 440 has three output relays, two analog inputs, and six isolated digital inputs. The two analog inputs can also be programmed for ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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