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Low Level Measurements Handbook - 7th Edition
Low Level Measurements Handbook - 7th Edition

Lock-In Specification - Perfect Power Systems
Lock-In Specification - Perfect Power Systems

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... RD5 reference design board. The output voltage is determined by the Zener voltage, the forward voltage of the optocoupler’s LED and the series resistor that sets the loop gain. A 2% tolerance Zener diode allows ±5% tolerance on the regulated output voltage. However, it is often necessary to improve ...
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... But when arrester technology started to appear, arresters could protect both the insulator and the transformer so it was not as important to remember the method of insulation coordination. In fact it became just a standard that on a given voltage you place a given arrester and things will work. As a ...
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ga / gae630
ga / gae630

... available on request, which enables the installation of the switchgear in connection with metal absorbers on a closed floor. By means of this option, the pressure values inside the switchgear room can be reduced by approximately 60% and it is passive & maintenance free. ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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