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1 - MyCourses
1 - MyCourses

... and the excitation is not changed. M400 ...
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instructions to tenderers

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magnetic or - Semper Fi Power Supply

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Chapter 5 Steady Electric Currents

... Consider a steady motion of one kind of charges q over a differential surface Δs with velocity u and the total charges ΔQ passing this surface in a time interval Δt is ...
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Loop Analysis of resistive circuit

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... jω L ) . Dividing through both sides by V1 yields the R + jωL V jω L complex gain for the circuit: Gain = 2 = . This gain is sometimes called the “transfer V1 R + jωL Using the voltage divider rule, V2 = V1 ( ...
VHF Expandable Receiver Multicoupler
VHF Expandable Receiver Multicoupler

... Multicoupler a broadband, expandable unit that has been designed to cater for analogue and digital VHF system applications. The unit utilises a low-noise, high 3OIP, quadrature amplifier (LNA) to enhance base station receiver performance, with inherent redundancy provided in the quadrature design. T ...
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... responds to this force by swinging with the frequency of the force — this is known as the forced oscillation. When the frequency f of the force is far from the natural singing frequency f0 of the pendulum, the forced oscillations have a rather small amplitude. But when the external force happens to ...
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... all CMOS devices. Always apply V+ before applying analog signals, especially if the analog signal is not current limited. If this sequencing is not possible, and if the analog inputs are not current limited to <20mA, add a small-signal diode (D1) as shown in Figure 1. If the analog signal can dip be ...
CHAPTER 9 DATA ACQUISITION
CHAPTER 9 DATA ACQUISITION

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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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