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Course Outlines
Course Outlines

... HASMAH BT MANSOR Every Semester I The objectives of this course are to: 1. Introduce the fundamental concepts of charge, current, voltage, power, energy and circuit elements. 2. Analyze physical circuits through the use of Kirchhoff's laws and ideal circuit element models. 3. Emphasize linearity of ...
PAWS - Western Carolina University
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... 19) Monitor the frequency spectrum of the generated sine wave using the spectrum analyzer. 20) If the circuit generates a sine wave, but does not meet the design specifications, try adding extra capacitance a various points in the circuit. 21) When the circuit is working to specification, save a scr ...
A) Passive transducer
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... resistance, inductance and capacitance. E.g. : condenser microphone B) Self generating transducer: - not require an external power, and they produce analog voltage or current when stimulated by some physical form of energy. E.g. : Thermocouple ...
Energy Scavengers For Wireless Intelligent Microsystems
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... The control circuitry allows the IC to operate in continuous-conduction mode (CCM) while maintaining high efficiency with heavy loads. When the power switch is turned on, it stays on until either 1) the maximum ontime one-shot turns it off (typically 16µs later), or 2) the switch current reaches the ...
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... First of all there are no known problems with the PC-interface or the Suunto software. In most of the cases the problem with the data transfer is due to dirt on the water sensor contacts, improper COM-port selection or the "COM time delay" value is not suitable for the hardware used. Here are some h ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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