• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
The Solutions : Calculable AC Voltage Reference
The Solutions : Calculable AC Voltage Reference

SQUIDs - Syed Ali Raza
SQUIDs - Syed Ali Raza

... Figure 4: V-I characteristic of SQUID with CH1 at 0.1 V/div and CH 2 at 0.5 V/div ...
BDTIC www.BDTIC.com/infineon ® Datasheet,Version 2.1, August 30, 2011
BDTIC www.BDTIC.com/infineon ® Datasheet,Version 2.1, August 30, 2011

... to a sudden load increase. The up/down counter value is also reset to 1 at the start-up time, to ensure an efficient maximum load start up. Figure 5 shows some examples on how up/down counter is changed according to the feedback voltage over time. The use of two different thresholds VFBZL and VFBZH ...
Center Boosted Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation for Three Phase
Center Boosted Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation for Three Phase

... the shape of the carrier waveform randomly these harmonics can be spread in the voltage band. But this method slightly decreases the fundamental which will affect the performance in the modern drives[4]. In this paper it proposes the new methods which will increase the fundamental as well as harmoni ...
Electrodes Bio Amplifiers
Electrodes Bio Amplifiers

... same level. ...
lecture7
lecture7

Organic Reprogrammable Circuits Based on Electrochemically-Formed Diodes Linköping University Post Print
Organic Reprogrammable Circuits Based on Electrochemically-Formed Diodes Linköping University Post Print

... simultaneously. Different applied voltage patterns can be used in order to set any desired pattern of polarities of the as-formed diodes. This is exemplified below by the sequential formation of three different circuits on the same two-diode electrode template. Logic AND gate (VA-B = -4 V, VB-C = +4 ...
3 System definition - Telecommunications Industry Association
3 System definition - Telecommunications Industry Association

... particular attention to the electromagnetic environment. The most common failure of 485 circuits is due to electrical overstress to the line circuit bus pins. This is more likely as the transmission distance and coupling with the environment is increased. The drivers and receivers conforming to 485 ...
3-Phase Sensor Less Motor Driver
3-Phase Sensor Less Motor Driver

AE04603181184
AE04603181184

Motor Controller Power Testing - Ctr
Motor Controller Power Testing - Ctr

Performance analysis of Effects of Parasitic Elements on the
Performance analysis of Effects of Parasitic Elements on the

... efforts in low power VLSI circuit design. The operating threshold voltage drastically increases subthreshold time of an electronic system powered with batteries is leakage. heavily restricted by its limited battery backup time. The need for reducing power dissipation in electronic systems varies fro ...
DPT250 Cable Actuated Sensor Instrument Grade • Incremental Encoder
DPT250 Cable Actuated Sensor Instrument Grade • Incremental Encoder

... Perfect Solution for Industrial & Testing Applications ...
LT1513
LT1513

... The LT1513 is an IC battery charger chip specifically optimized to use the SEPIC converter topology. A complete charger schematic is shown in Figure 1. The SEPIC topology has unique advantages for battery charging. It will operate with input voltages above, equal to or below the battery voltage, has ...
HOW TO DRIVE DC MOTORS WITH SMART POWER ICs APPLICATION NOTE
HOW TO DRIVE DC MOTORS WITH SMART POWER ICs APPLICATION NOTE

AD8000
AD8000

... 75 dBc @ 20 MHz and input voltage noise of 1.6 nV/√Hz. The AD8000 can drive over 100 mA of load current with minimal distortion. The amplifier can operate on +5 V to ±6 V. These specifications make the AD8000 ideal for a variety of applications, including high speed instrumentation. With a different ...
A nanomechanical resonator shuttling single electrons at radio
A nanomechanical resonator shuttling single electrons at radio

CM8870/70C CMOS Integrated DTMF Receiver
CM8870/70C CMOS Integrated DTMF Receiver

... system parameters such as talk-off and noise immunity. Increasing tREC improves talk-off performance, since it reduces the probability that tones simulated by speech will maintain signal condition for long enough to be registered. On the other hand, a relatively short tREC with a long tDO would be a ...
Co-ordination of electrical devices and auxiliary circuits
Co-ordination of electrical devices and auxiliary circuits

... Auxiliary circuits in connection with fire and intruder alarms, traffic lights etc (where specific standards exist) are excluded. This is a completely new section. The current requirements for auxiliary circuits in BS 7671 are given in regulation 537.5.3 (extract below). ...
BDTIC www.BDTIC.com/infineon  TLE4976-1K / TLE4976L
BDTIC www.BDTIC.com/infineon TLE4976-1K / TLE4976L

... characteristics. With respect to any examples or hints given herein, any typical values stated herein and/or any information regarding the application of the device, Infineon Technologies hereby disclaims any and all warranties and liabilities of any kind, including without limitation, warranties of ...
Banner SB12 Series Emitters/Receivers Pair
Banner SB12 Series Emitters/Receivers Pair

More on Propagation
More on Propagation

... adjacent cycles – Not independent of frequency – Frequency * wavelength = speed of propagation – In a harp, for instance, long strings have low sounds Wavelength (meters) ...
Fully differential amplifiers
Fully differential amplifiers

... is rejected. The output common-mode voltage is not controlled by the input. The VCM error amplifier controls the output common-mode voltage by sampling it, comparing it to the voltage at VCM, and adjusting the internal feedback. The two complementary amplifier paths share the same input differential ...
electronic instrumentation
electronic instrumentation

... instruments that do not contain electronic components. In order to compete with rival companies or just remain a step ahead of them, the designers of technical systems and innovative products must be fully aware of both the assets and the limitations of electronic components and systems. Users of el ...
MAX8727 TFT-LCD Step-Up DC-DC Converter General Description Features
MAX8727 TFT-LCD Step-Up DC-DC Converter General Description Features

... The maximum output current, input voltage, output voltage, and switching frequency determine the inductor value. Very high inductance values minimize the current ripple and therefore reduce the peak current, which decreases core losses in the inductor and I 2R losses in the entire power path. Howeve ...
< 1 ... 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 ... 2207 >

Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report