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Activity 2
Activity 2

... is higher is lower is the same ...
Oscillators
Oscillators

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v I

... IDQ and VDQ are the DC diode current and voltage respectively. ...
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... 5. Stereo Gain Control – This feature is used to fine-tune the input sensitivity of the amplifier to the source unit’s output level. 6. Variable Hi, 12dB / Low, 24dB Mono @40Hz–350Hz X-over – This control allows the user to choose the exact low pass or high pass frequency range the amplifier will play ...
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... un-muted unprocessed discriminator audio output. Input is buffered and appears as approximately 220k impedance. A level of 100 to 500mV p-p at 300hz deviation is desirable, should it be necessary the buffer amplifier feedback resistor may be changed to achieve best performance. 3. Remote Busy Input. ...
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Signal Integrity
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... distort or oscillate if the designer has not made allowances for impedance matching and signal transmission effects. This means, that interconnects have to be represented by a transmission line models in order to simulate the circuits to predict correct functioning before any hardware is produced. A ...
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... three-cell alkaline, NiCd or NiMH, or one-cell Li-Ion or Li-polymer battery. It is also used in fuel cell or solar cell powered devices where the capability of handling low input voltages is essential. Possible output currents depend on the input to output voltage ratio. The devices provide output c ...
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... modulator, the output power is around 20% of the total power budget and the modulator itself is around 10%. And now let’s imagine we have another option, which is an ASK modulator so simple that have nearly zero cost on the link budget. Even though the transmitter power can be reduced in 3dB in the ...
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... a load, which will be switched on or off by the status output circuit. The dc power source output must be floating (isolated) with respect to line potential. The negative output of the power source is always connected to J20 pin 13, which is chassis (earth) ground. The positive output of the power s ...
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CP9815
CP9815

... Users have reported occasional line-to-ground flashovers when separating loadbreak elbows and insulated protective caps on circuits with little or no load current. The cause of most of these flashovers has been attributed to what has been called the partial vacuum effect. Partial vacuum flashovers c ...
Parallel and Series Resistors, Kirchoff`s Law Introduction Objectives
Parallel and Series Resistors, Kirchoff`s Law Introduction Objectives

< 1 ... 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 ... 2207 >

Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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