Mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in bacteria DNA can
... case when the phage genome after it enters the host, is silenced by repressors and the integrates into the host genome. In conjugation, transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact is needed. It requires a pilus or conjugation bridge which is composed often of a ...
... case when the phage genome after it enters the host, is silenced by repressors and the integrates into the host genome. In conjugation, transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact is needed. It requires a pilus or conjugation bridge which is composed often of a ...
Chromosome Mutations
... nucleotide sequence of DNA May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring) May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring ...
... nucleotide sequence of DNA May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring) May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring ...
9A Inheritance and Selection
... Variation is due to each animal having different GENETIC INFORMATION in their cells. ...
... Variation is due to each animal having different GENETIC INFORMATION in their cells. ...
Document
... The domains formed by ionic interactions in different parts of a polypeptide d. The overall configuration of a polypeptide chain e. None of the above ...
... The domains formed by ionic interactions in different parts of a polypeptide d. The overall configuration of a polypeptide chain e. None of the above ...
82. The Double Helix
... Color the heading Structural Formula and the remainder of the plate. The structural formula shows more clearly which atoms are attached to which. These attachments are important to the cell because any deviation will result in some kind of mutation or even the death of the cell. To clarify the exact ...
... Color the heading Structural Formula and the remainder of the plate. The structural formula shows more clearly which atoms are attached to which. These attachments are important to the cell because any deviation will result in some kind of mutation or even the death of the cell. To clarify the exact ...
Genetics Study Guide
... Allele: Different forms of a gene. Dominant allele: The allele that is always expressed if it is present. Recessive allele: The allele that is expressed only if the dominant allele is not present. Punnett Square: A tool used to visualize all the possible combination of alleles from the parents ...
... Allele: Different forms of a gene. Dominant allele: The allele that is always expressed if it is present. Recessive allele: The allele that is expressed only if the dominant allele is not present. Punnett Square: A tool used to visualize all the possible combination of alleles from the parents ...
THE CELL - hiscience
... MEIOSIS • FIRST DIVISION: reduction division. The differences between a normal mitosis are: • PROPHASE: chromosomes appear in pairs. These pair of chromosomes are called homologous, and they have the same structure and position. They undergo a process called crossing over. In this process, chromoso ...
... MEIOSIS • FIRST DIVISION: reduction division. The differences between a normal mitosis are: • PROPHASE: chromosomes appear in pairs. These pair of chromosomes are called homologous, and they have the same structure and position. They undergo a process called crossing over. In this process, chromoso ...
Biology - Bonnabel Home Page
... plants pollen grains contain sperm • Female gametes are called eggs in animals and egg cells in plants • In female animals, cell division at the end of meiosis I and II are uneven, so a single cell becomes an egg and receives most of the cytoplasm • The three other cells are called polar bodies and ...
... plants pollen grains contain sperm • Female gametes are called eggs in animals and egg cells in plants • In female animals, cell division at the end of meiosis I and II are uneven, so a single cell becomes an egg and receives most of the cytoplasm • The three other cells are called polar bodies and ...
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics 2015
... ** If the offspring has two “X” chromosomes it will be a female. ** If the offspring has one “X” chromosome and one “Y” ...
... ** If the offspring has two “X” chromosomes it will be a female. ** If the offspring has one “X” chromosome and one “Y” ...
Disorders & Sex Linked Traits
... flattened face, turned up nose, epicanthal folds at the outer corners of the eyes. In most cases the diagnosis is made immediately at birth. Heart defects, protruding tongue, and mental retardation are also found in most people with Down’s. Occurs about 1 in 1000 births. ...
... flattened face, turned up nose, epicanthal folds at the outer corners of the eyes. In most cases the diagnosis is made immediately at birth. Heart defects, protruding tongue, and mental retardation are also found in most people with Down’s. Occurs about 1 in 1000 births. ...
Module B Keystone Exam Practice problems File
... o chromosomes line-up similar to mitosis, except the homologous chromosomes form a tetrad (4 chromatids) occurs during prophase I crossing over may occur – results in the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes and produces new combinations of alleles o homologous chromosomes separate ...
... o chromosomes line-up similar to mitosis, except the homologous chromosomes form a tetrad (4 chromatids) occurs during prophase I crossing over may occur – results in the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes and produces new combinations of alleles o homologous chromosomes separate ...
Chapter 11
... IX. Meiosis-Aka: Gametogenesis- Spermatogenesis (males) and Oogenesis (females) A. Occurs in specialized cells that produce gametes 1. Gamete = sperm/ovum B. Organisms inherit a single copy of every gene from each parent C. Produces gametes with only 1 set of genes D. Two divisions 1. Meiosis I an ...
... IX. Meiosis-Aka: Gametogenesis- Spermatogenesis (males) and Oogenesis (females) A. Occurs in specialized cells that produce gametes 1. Gamete = sperm/ovum B. Organisms inherit a single copy of every gene from each parent C. Produces gametes with only 1 set of genes D. Two divisions 1. Meiosis I an ...
Module 2 Keystone Review File - Dallastown Area School District
... o chromosomes line-up similar to mitosis, except the homologous chromosomes form a tetrad (4 chromatids) occurs during prophase I crossing over may occur – results in the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes and produces new combinations of alleles o homologous chromosomes separate ...
... o chromosomes line-up similar to mitosis, except the homologous chromosomes form a tetrad (4 chromatids) occurs during prophase I crossing over may occur – results in the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes and produces new combinations of alleles o homologous chromosomes separate ...
Unit 4 – AP Biogram – Cell Reproduction and Mendelian Genetics
... 30. Contrast the following by defining the terms: daughter & parent cell, haploid & diploid, sexual & asexual reproduction 31. List the stages of the cell cycle and describe what events occur during each. 32. Briefly discuss the characteristics of a cancer cell and how cancer can be prevented. 33. D ...
... 30. Contrast the following by defining the terms: daughter & parent cell, haploid & diploid, sexual & asexual reproduction 31. List the stages of the cell cycle and describe what events occur during each. 32. Briefly discuss the characteristics of a cancer cell and how cancer can be prevented. 33. D ...
DATE:
... Match each Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be used only once. Meiosis Term ___ 11. anaphase I ___ 12. anaphase II ___ 13. metaphase I ___ 14. metaphase II ___ 15. prophase I ___ 16. telophase II ...
... Match each Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be used only once. Meiosis Term ___ 11. anaphase I ___ 12. anaphase II ___ 13. metaphase I ___ 14. metaphase II ___ 15. prophase I ___ 16. telophase II ...
Human Genetics
... recombination Crossing-over •the physical exchange of chromosomal material between chromatids of homologous chromosomes. •Result: Generation of new combinations of genes (alleles). ...
... recombination Crossing-over •the physical exchange of chromosomal material between chromatids of homologous chromosomes. •Result: Generation of new combinations of genes (alleles). ...
Question 1 The female gamete is the spore. sperm. egg. zygote
... 2. production of two haploid cells, one from each of two parents, and the subsequent fusion of two haploid cells to form a single, unique diploid cell. The production of two diploid cells, one from each of two parents, and the subsequent fusion of two diploid cells to form a single, unique tetraploi ...
... 2. production of two haploid cells, one from each of two parents, and the subsequent fusion of two haploid cells to form a single, unique diploid cell. The production of two diploid cells, one from each of two parents, and the subsequent fusion of two diploid cells to form a single, unique tetraploi ...
Chapter 11 Meiosis and Genetics
... D formation of gametes by the laws of segregation and independent assortment E sister chromatids (before crossingover) 25 Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of A two genetically identical diploid cells B four genetically different haploid cells C four genetically identical haploid ce ...
... D formation of gametes by the laws of segregation and independent assortment E sister chromatids (before crossingover) 25 Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of A two genetically identical diploid cells B four genetically different haploid cells C four genetically identical haploid ce ...
Meiosis
... from a normal human male. The patterns of stained bands help identify specific chromosomes and parts of chromosomes. Although difficult to discern in the karyotype, each metaphase chromosome consists of two, closely attached sister chromatids (see diagram). ...
... from a normal human male. The patterns of stained bands help identify specific chromosomes and parts of chromosomes. Although difficult to discern in the karyotype, each metaphase chromosome consists of two, closely attached sister chromatids (see diagram). ...
Keystone Review Packet Selected Topics Winter 2015 #4 Keystone
... o chromosomes line-up similar to mitosis, except the homologous chromosomes form a tetrad (4 chromatids) occurs during prophase I crossing over may occur – results in the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes and produces new combinations of alleles o homologous chromosomes separate ...
... o chromosomes line-up similar to mitosis, except the homologous chromosomes form a tetrad (4 chromatids) occurs during prophase I crossing over may occur – results in the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes and produces new combinations of alleles o homologous chromosomes separate ...
Photosynthesis
... parental gametes with all allelic combinations possible If the three genetic loci occur in close sequence on the chromosome - Crossing over very UNlikely to occur between loci - Allelic patterns of grandparents will likely to be preserved in parental gametes ...
... parental gametes with all allelic combinations possible If the three genetic loci occur in close sequence on the chromosome - Crossing over very UNlikely to occur between loci - Allelic patterns of grandparents will likely to be preserved in parental gametes ...
PPT File
... gamete) have 23 pairs of chromosomes • A karyotype is an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell • The two chromosomes in each pair are called homologous chromosomes, or homologs • Chromosomes in a homologous pair are the same length and shape and carry genes controlling the same inh ...
... gamete) have 23 pairs of chromosomes • A karyotype is an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell • The two chromosomes in each pair are called homologous chromosomes, or homologs • Chromosomes in a homologous pair are the same length and shape and carry genes controlling the same inh ...
Chromosome
A chromosome (chromo- + -some) is a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism. It is not usually found on its own, but rather is complexed with many structural proteins called histones as well as associated transcription (copying of genetic sequences) factors and several other macromolecules. Two ""sister"" chromatids (half a chromosome) join together at a protein junction called a centromere. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing mitosis. Even then, the full chromosome containing both joined sister chromatids becomes visible only during a sequence of mitosis known as metaphase (when chromosomes align together, attached to the mitotic spindle and prepare to divide). This DNA and its associated proteins and macromolecules is collectively known as chromatin, which is further packaged along with its associated molecules into a discrete structure called a nucleosome. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions - erythrocytes for example. Occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, chromatin composes the vast majority of all DNA, except for a small amount inherited maternally which is found in mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, chromatin occurs free-floating in cytoplasm, as these cells lack organelles and a defined nucleus. The main information-carrying macromolecule is a single piece of coiled double-stranded DNA, containing many genes, regulatory elements and other noncoding DNA. The DNA-bound macromolecules are proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms. Some species such as certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm which contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer.Compaction of the duplicated chromosomes during cell division (mitosis or meiosis) results either in a four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction plays a vital role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis leading to the progression of cancer.In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized. In the case of archaea by homologs to eukaryotic histones, in the case of bacteria by histone-like proteins. Small circular genomes called plasmids are often found in bacteria and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts, reflecting their bacterial origins.