Sex Determination: Why So Many Ways of Doing It?
... While many unicellular organisms produce gametes of equal size (isogamy, see Box 1), sexual reproduction in most multicellular organisms has led to the evolution of female and male gametes differing in size (anisogamy), and often to the evolution of two separate sexes. Even though the outcome of sex ...
... While many unicellular organisms produce gametes of equal size (isogamy, see Box 1), sexual reproduction in most multicellular organisms has led to the evolution of female and male gametes differing in size (anisogamy), and often to the evolution of two separate sexes. Even though the outcome of sex ...
NIH Public Access
... (FIGURE 1). However a greater challenge is to investigate what organizational changes may be occurring to particular sequence elements within the chromosome itself. Since some genes are known to escape X-inactivation, particularly in humans, a key question is whether those sequences are organized di ...
... (FIGURE 1). However a greater challenge is to investigate what organizational changes may be occurring to particular sequence elements within the chromosome itself. Since some genes are known to escape X-inactivation, particularly in humans, a key question is whether those sequences are organized di ...
A Complex Suite of Forces Drives Gene Traffic from Drosophila X
... Richard P. Meisel,* Mira V. Han,à and Matthew W. Hahnৠ*Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University; Department of Molecular Biology and Evolution, Cornell University; àSchool of Informatics, Indiana University; and §Department of Biology, Indiana Uni ...
... Richard P. Meisel,* Mira V. Han,à and Matthew W. Hahnৠ*Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University; Department of Molecular Biology and Evolution, Cornell University; àSchool of Informatics, Indiana University; and §Department of Biology, Indiana Uni ...
A Novel Compact Genetic Algorithm using Offspring Survival
... The cGA represents the population using a probability vector as a probability distribution. Fig. 1 describes a pseudo-code of the original cGA, where l is the number of bits of a chromosome [2]. First of all, every bits of the probability vector, p[i], are initialized by 0.5. Two chromosomes are gen ...
... The cGA represents the population using a probability vector as a probability distribution. Fig. 1 describes a pseudo-code of the original cGA, where l is the number of bits of a chromosome [2]. First of all, every bits of the probability vector, p[i], are initialized by 0.5. Two chromosomes are gen ...
An assessment of chromosomal alterations detected by
... locus-specific probe for 9p21,we identified malignant cells in cell preparations from bile duct brushings based on the finding of 5 or more cells with polysomy. Polysomic cells are defined as cells that show gains of 2 or more chromosomes. Used in this way, FISH was a sensitive and specific techniqu ...
... locus-specific probe for 9p21,we identified malignant cells in cell preparations from bile duct brushings based on the finding of 5 or more cells with polysomy. Polysomic cells are defined as cells that show gains of 2 or more chromosomes. Used in this way, FISH was a sensitive and specific techniqu ...
BMC Genomics 10
... 18. The HSA 22q12-qter, which mapped to SSC 5 [19], was also not present on our map. In addition to the absence of these regions, segments from four human chromosomes were missing on SSC 2 (HSA 1), SSC3 (HSA 9) and SSC 17 (HSA 4 and 8) when comparing to the comparative segments identified by Meyers ...
... 18. The HSA 22q12-qter, which mapped to SSC 5 [19], was also not present on our map. In addition to the absence of these regions, segments from four human chromosomes were missing on SSC 2 (HSA 1), SSC3 (HSA 9) and SSC 17 (HSA 4 and 8) when comparing to the comparative segments identified by Meyers ...
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
... Karyotype—pictures of the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size. Used to identify chromosome disorders. ...
... Karyotype—pictures of the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size. Used to identify chromosome disorders. ...
Jalasvuori_Vehicl
... on various different genetic elements (including characterization of temperate and virulent viruses [9, 10]; determination of common ancestor between plasmids, viruses and chromosomal elements [11]; conduction of evolution experiments with bacteria, viruses, and plasmids [12, 13]; as well as more the ...
... on various different genetic elements (including characterization of temperate and virulent viruses [9, 10]; determination of common ancestor between plasmids, viruses and chromosomal elements [11]; conduction of evolution experiments with bacteria, viruses, and plasmids [12, 13]; as well as more the ...
GENETICS Review
... 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.16 The student is able to explain how the inheritance ...
... 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.16 The student is able to explain how the inheritance ...
Chapter 11
... Helps scientists separate genetic contributions from environmental contributions Traits that appear frequently in identical twins are at least partially controlled by heredity. Traits expressed differently in identical twins are strongly influenced by environment. ...
... Helps scientists separate genetic contributions from environmental contributions Traits that appear frequently in identical twins are at least partially controlled by heredity. Traits expressed differently in identical twins are strongly influenced by environment. ...
Gene Section EXT2 (exostoses (multiple) 2) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... Wuyts W, Van Hul W. Molecular basis of multiple exostoses: mutations in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes. Hum Mutat. ...
... Wuyts W, Van Hul W. Molecular basis of multiple exostoses: mutations in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes. Hum Mutat. ...
Unraveling the Genetic Mysteries of the Corneal Dystrophies
... Ring-shaped opacities confined to Bowman’s membrane=honey-comb or fish-net appearance • Made up of collagen fibrils • Thickened epithelium – Irregular astigmatism, less corneal sensation, RCEs – Vision good until later decades-PTK beneficial – Mutation maps to the transforming growth factor beta ind ...
... Ring-shaped opacities confined to Bowman’s membrane=honey-comb or fish-net appearance • Made up of collagen fibrils • Thickened epithelium – Irregular astigmatism, less corneal sensation, RCEs – Vision good until later decades-PTK beneficial – Mutation maps to the transforming growth factor beta ind ...
Molecular Characterization of a Chromosomal Rearrangement Involved in the Adaptive Evolution
... two S. pastorianus strains. This species is a partial allotetraploid originated from an S. cerevisiae ⳯ S. bayanus hybridization (Vaughan-Martini and Kurtzman, 1985; Casaregola et al. 2001; de Barros Lopes et al. 2002), and the amplified ECM34 promoter region probably corresponds to the S. cerevisia ...
... two S. pastorianus strains. This species is a partial allotetraploid originated from an S. cerevisiae ⳯ S. bayanus hybridization (Vaughan-Martini and Kurtzman, 1985; Casaregola et al. 2001; de Barros Lopes et al. 2002), and the amplified ECM34 promoter region probably corresponds to the S. cerevisia ...
Document
... Uses of modification-specific histone antibodies 2c. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay • can be coupled to gene activation procedures to look at changes in histonemodifications or transcription factor binding to specific genes before and after transcription activation • can also be used in ...
... Uses of modification-specific histone antibodies 2c. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay • can be coupled to gene activation procedures to look at changes in histonemodifications or transcription factor binding to specific genes before and after transcription activation • can also be used in ...
In the beginning: the initiation of meiosis
... Much has been learned about the initiation of meiosis in yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Most importantly, it was discovered that the decision to initiate meiosis in both species is made before the onset of premeiotic S phase.(5–7) Given how much we already know from y ...
... Much has been learned about the initiation of meiosis in yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Most importantly, it was discovered that the decision to initiate meiosis in both species is made before the onset of premeiotic S phase.(5–7) Given how much we already know from y ...
Patterns of Inheritance
... this section we will examine how studying patterns of inheritance has allowed scientists to learn about some of the basic laws that govern the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next. You will also learn how to use this knowledge to predict the outcome of certain types ...
... this section we will examine how studying patterns of inheritance has allowed scientists to learn about some of the basic laws that govern the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next. You will also learn how to use this knowledge to predict the outcome of certain types ...
Case Report Section
... The gene USP42 is involved in the ubiquitin pathway, and is fused to the 3' region of the RUNX1 gene in this translocation. A recent study evaluated 397 consecutive AML patients with RUNX1 FISH probes and identified 3 patients with t(7;21)(p22;q22), suggesting a relative incidence in about 1% of AML ...
... The gene USP42 is involved in the ubiquitin pathway, and is fused to the 3' region of the RUNX1 gene in this translocation. A recent study evaluated 397 consecutive AML patients with RUNX1 FISH probes and identified 3 patients with t(7;21)(p22;q22), suggesting a relative incidence in about 1% of AML ...
Mechanoreception-Defective Mutations of Drosophila
... did not alone disqualify a line from further study. Twenty-six of the 28 lines that showed reduced larval touch response also are lethal or showed greatly reduced viability as adults (Table 1). In each case, this could be due to either the behavioral mutation or to a second lethal mutation being ind ...
... did not alone disqualify a line from further study. Twenty-six of the 28 lines that showed reduced larval touch response also are lethal or showed greatly reduced viability as adults (Table 1). In each case, this could be due to either the behavioral mutation or to a second lethal mutation being ind ...
Replication timing and transcriptional control: beyond
... role of the locus control region (LCR) — a cluster of five DNaseI-hypersensitive sites that span a region 50–75 kb upstream of the β-globin genes. Naturally occurring deletions that include the LCR render the entire globin locus insensitive to DNaseI, transcriptionally inactive and late replicating ...
... role of the locus control region (LCR) — a cluster of five DNaseI-hypersensitive sites that span a region 50–75 kb upstream of the β-globin genes. Naturally occurring deletions that include the LCR render the entire globin locus insensitive to DNaseI, transcriptionally inactive and late replicating ...
A locus for sodium exclusion (Nax1), a trait for salt tolerance
... Abstract. Salinity affects durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.)] more than it affects bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and results in lower yield for durum wheat cultivars grown on salt-affected soils. A novel source of salt tolerance in the form of a sodium exclusion trait, ident ...
... Abstract. Salinity affects durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.)] more than it affects bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and results in lower yield for durum wheat cultivars grown on salt-affected soils. A novel source of salt tolerance in the form of a sodium exclusion trait, ident ...
Genetic counseling in Angelman syndrome: The challenges of
... typical, large deletion was not associated with recurrence within the family. Although the risk is expected to be quite low in future pregnancies, prenatal diagnosis by either FISH cytogenetic techniques or by molecular studies is available. Other Cytogenetic Abnormalities The 15q11–13 region is con ...
... typical, large deletion was not associated with recurrence within the family. Although the risk is expected to be quite low in future pregnancies, prenatal diagnosis by either FISH cytogenetic techniques or by molecular studies is available. Other Cytogenetic Abnormalities The 15q11–13 region is con ...
parts
... close to the predicted results must the data be for you to be confident that they support the hypothesis? A coin toss is a good way to make and test predictions. You and a partner will each toss a coin. Then you will record the results to show whether or not either of the two coins has turned up hea ...
... close to the predicted results must the data be for you to be confident that they support the hypothesis? A coin toss is a good way to make and test predictions. You and a partner will each toss a coin. Then you will record the results to show whether or not either of the two coins has turned up hea ...
Chromosome
A chromosome (chromo- + -some) is a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism. It is not usually found on its own, but rather is complexed with many structural proteins called histones as well as associated transcription (copying of genetic sequences) factors and several other macromolecules. Two ""sister"" chromatids (half a chromosome) join together at a protein junction called a centromere. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing mitosis. Even then, the full chromosome containing both joined sister chromatids becomes visible only during a sequence of mitosis known as metaphase (when chromosomes align together, attached to the mitotic spindle and prepare to divide). This DNA and its associated proteins and macromolecules is collectively known as chromatin, which is further packaged along with its associated molecules into a discrete structure called a nucleosome. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions - erythrocytes for example. Occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, chromatin composes the vast majority of all DNA, except for a small amount inherited maternally which is found in mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, chromatin occurs free-floating in cytoplasm, as these cells lack organelles and a defined nucleus. The main information-carrying macromolecule is a single piece of coiled double-stranded DNA, containing many genes, regulatory elements and other noncoding DNA. The DNA-bound macromolecules are proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms. Some species such as certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm which contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer.Compaction of the duplicated chromosomes during cell division (mitosis or meiosis) results either in a four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction plays a vital role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis leading to the progression of cancer.In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized. In the case of archaea by homologs to eukaryotic histones, in the case of bacteria by histone-like proteins. Small circular genomes called plasmids are often found in bacteria and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts, reflecting their bacterial origins.