canonical quantum electrodynamics in covariant gauges
... quantum generalizations of the classical Lorentz gauge . The quantization is carried out by mean s of a Lagrange multiplier field. It is shown that there exist generators for four-dimensional translations and rotations in every gauge . A peculiar aspect is that the scalar and longitudinal photon s a ...
... quantum generalizations of the classical Lorentz gauge . The quantization is carried out by mean s of a Lagrange multiplier field. It is shown that there exist generators for four-dimensional translations and rotations in every gauge . A peculiar aspect is that the scalar and longitudinal photon s a ...
Zonal Flows and Fields Generated by Turbulence in CHS
... The magnetic field fluctuations in that frequency range are visualized using a low-pass filter [7,22]. Figures 5b and 5c demonstrate two examples of evolution of the magnetic field fluctuation in the frequency range (0.3 -1 kHz). The zonal field amplitude is evaluated to be ~ 30 G at maximum. The ac ...
... The magnetic field fluctuations in that frequency range are visualized using a low-pass filter [7,22]. Figures 5b and 5c demonstrate two examples of evolution of the magnetic field fluctuation in the frequency range (0.3 -1 kHz). The zonal field amplitude is evaluated to be ~ 30 G at maximum. The ac ...
A Scanning Tunneling Microscope at the Milli-Kelvin, High Magnetic Field Frontier
... spin magnetism. Extending the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to the extremity of the B-T phase space provides unique insight on these phenomena both at the atomic level and with spectroscopic power. In this thesis, I describe the design and operation of a full-featured, dilution refrigerator-ba ...
... spin magnetism. Extending the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to the extremity of the B-T phase space provides unique insight on these phenomena both at the atomic level and with spectroscopic power. In this thesis, I describe the design and operation of a full-featured, dilution refrigerator-ba ...
chapter 23 electric field
... magnitude and opposite in direction to the force F12 exerted by q1 on q2. (a) When the charges are of the same sign, the force is repulsive. (b) When the charges are of opposite signs, the force is attractive ...
... magnitude and opposite in direction to the force F12 exerted by q1 on q2. (a) When the charges are of the same sign, the force is repulsive. (b) When the charges are of opposite signs, the force is attractive ...
EM genius and mystery
... where the group exists) we can operate changes obeying the mathematics of the group SU(3), and the physics must remain the same. By requiring that the physics must remain the same for changes in other ‘intrinsic’ dimensions, 2, and 1, where other symmetry groups SU(2) and U(1) exist, we get the weak ...
... where the group exists) we can operate changes obeying the mathematics of the group SU(3), and the physics must remain the same. By requiring that the physics must remain the same for changes in other ‘intrinsic’ dimensions, 2, and 1, where other symmetry groups SU(2) and U(1) exist, we get the weak ...
STUDY OF ULTRA-STRONG MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF
... science. While new discoveries are difficult to predict, one fact is clear: as the size of a system is reduced to the atomic scale, quantum effects begin to dominate. One such effect is the exchange interaction, which generates spin coupling and magnetism in general. Therefore, one should expect spi ...
... science. While new discoveries are difficult to predict, one fact is clear: as the size of a system is reduced to the atomic scale, quantum effects begin to dominate. One such effect is the exchange interaction, which generates spin coupling and magnetism in general. Therefore, one should expect spi ...
Flux emergence: flares and coronal mass ejections driven by dynamo action
... can be observed, for example, by certain spectral lines of Hα, CaII H and K, which have much lower intensity because of the decreased density. The bottom of the chromosphere is defined by the radial temperature minimum of the Sun. This is mostly set to 500 km above the optical limb, depending on the ...
... can be observed, for example, by certain spectral lines of Hα, CaII H and K, which have much lower intensity because of the decreased density. The bottom of the chromosphere is defined by the radial temperature minimum of the Sun. This is mostly set to 500 km above the optical limb, depending on the ...
Notes on (algebra based) Physics
... 2.2 Graphical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3 Motion with constant acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ...
... 2.2 Graphical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3 Motion with constant acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ...
Transport of indirect excitons in high magnetic fields
... The two terms in square brackets in the transport equation (3) describe IMX diffusion and drift currents. The latter originates from the repulsive dipolar interactions approximated by u0 = 4π e2 d/ε within the model [43]. The diffusion coefficient D and mobility μx are related by a generalized Einst ...
... The two terms in square brackets in the transport equation (3) describe IMX diffusion and drift currents. The latter originates from the repulsive dipolar interactions approximated by u0 = 4π e2 d/ε within the model [43]. The diffusion coefficient D and mobility μx are related by a generalized Einst ...
Magnetic monopole
A magnetic monopole is a hypothetical elementary particle in particle physics that is an isolated magnet with only one magnetic pole (a north pole without a south pole or vice versa). In more technical terms, a magnetic monopole would have a net ""magnetic charge"". Modern interest in the concept stems from particle theories, notably the grand unified and superstring theories, which predict their existence.Magnetism in bar magnets and electromagnets does not arise from magnetic monopoles. There is no conclusive experimental evidence that magnetic monopoles exist at all in our universe.Some condensed matter systems contain effective (non-isolated) magnetic monopole quasi-particles, or contain phenomena that are mathematically analogous to magnetic monopoles.