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Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 309 (2006)
Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 309 (2006)

OPAL Users Guide - The AMAS Group
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... room temperature are 1900 and 8800 cm2 /Vs, respectively. Besides, at low temperatures and eliminating possible scattering sources(mainly impurities and defects concentration), mobilities of 106 cm2 /Vs has been achieved[20]. Consequently, the mean-free path of the electrons in graphene is on the or ...
The Unruh effect in quantum information beyond the single
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... maximally entangled. It is then interesting to investigate to what degree the state is entangled when described by observers in uniform acceleration. In the simplest scenario, Alice is again considered to be inertial and an uniformly accelerated observer Rob is introduced, who carries a monocromatic ...
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... Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck ...
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... is the vital region in the flow of mass and energy into or out of the magnetosphere; all magnetospheric structures and phenomena are directly or indirectly influenced by magnetopause processes. Because of its importance in the interaction between the interstellar, stellar, or planetary wind and the ...
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... solar wind. If the partial ring current grows in the day sector, a current tends to flow from the sunset meridian to the sunrise meridian. This incomplete circuit generates space charges at both ends of the ring current, and consequently a potential difference across the magnetosphere is produced. T ...
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... insulation, technology has hardly improved breakdown voltages in the last ninety years. This work describes experiments in vacuum breakdown, as well as computer simulations of the initial stages of breakdown. A better understanding of voltage breakdown could particularly benefit particle accelerator ...
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... mostly known well from theory, which can often be checked in the experiment, and corrections— either measured or calculated—are applied. It is this strong connection between theory and experiment that allows for accurate measurements, making Penning traps such a versatile tool [10] for precision mas ...
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... "When two systems, …… enter into temporary physical interaction due to known forces between them, and …… separate again, then they can no longer be described in the same way as before, viz. by endowing each of them with a representative of its own. I would not call that one but rather the characteri ...
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... ionospheric layer. It has been suggested that ionospheric-type plasma also exists in the tenuous atmosphere associated with the rings system. With three different ionospheres inside its magnetospheric cavity, Saturn is a unique environment from the point of view of ionospheric physics. iv) The elect ...
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< 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ... 661 >

Aharonov–Bohm effect

The Aharonov–Bohm effect, sometimes called the Ehrenberg–Siday–Aharonov–Bohm effect, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an electrically charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic field (E, B), despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field B and electric field E are zero. The underlying mechanism is the coupling of the electromagnetic potential with the complex phase of a charged particle's wavefunction, and the Aharonov–Bohm effect is accordingly illustrated by interference experiments.The most commonly described case, sometimes called the Aharonov–Bohm solenoid effect, takes place when the wave function of a charged particle passing around a long solenoid experiences a phase shift as a result of the enclosed magnetic field, despite the magnetic field being negligible in the region through which the particle passes and the particle's wavefunction being negligible inside the solenoid. This phase shift has been observed experimentally. There are also magnetic Aharonov–Bohm effects on bound energies and scattering cross sections, but these cases have not been experimentally tested. An electric Aharonov–Bohm phenomenon was also predicted, in which a charged particle is affected by regions with different electrical potentials but zero electric field, but this has no experimental confirmation yet. A separate ""molecular"" Aharonov–Bohm effect was proposed for nuclear motion in multiply connected regions, but this has been argued to be a different kind of geometric phase as it is ""neither nonlocal nor topological"", depending only on local quantities along the nuclear path.Werner Ehrenberg and Raymond E. Siday first predicted the effect in 1949, and similar effects were later published by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm in 1959. After publication of the 1959 paper, Bohm was informed of Ehrenberg and Siday's work, which was acknowledged and credited in Bohm and Aharonov's subsequent 1961 paper.Subsequently, the effect was confirmed experimentally by several authors; a general review can be found in Peshkin and Tonomura (1989).
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