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unit 6: optics - Kendriya Vidyalaya NDA Khadakwasala, Pune
unit 6: optics - Kendriya Vidyalaya NDA Khadakwasala, Pune

... What is the work done in moving a test charge ‘q’ through a distance of 1 cm along the equatorial axis of an electric dipole? [ Hint : on equatorial line V=0 ] ...
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... Recently the spectacular result was derived quantum mechanically that the total angular momentum of photons in light beams with finite lateral extensions can have half-integer quantum numbers. In a circularly polarized Gauss light beam it is half of the spin angular momentum which it would have in a ...
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... atoms are prepared in a non-absorbing state, which can be registered as a fluorescence quenching and transparency enhancement in spectral interval narrower than the natural width of the observed optical transition (Arimondo, 1996). In degenerate two-level systems coherent states can be created by me ...
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Simon Candelaresi Magnetic helicity in astrophysical dynamos

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... states is at the level such that the two shaded regions in Fig. 2 have equal areas. The need to analyze large deformation of soft materials under diverse stimuli has led us to reexamine the theory of elastic dielectrics. In his classic text, Maxwell29 showed that electric forces between conductors i ...
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... classical Duffing oscillator. An anharmonic statically monostable potential can be driven into a dynamically bistable regime showing various interesting features of non-linear response [2–4], such as hysteresis, period doubling, and thermal activation when finite temperatures are considered. The ext ...
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Parity-Violating and Parity-Conserving Berry Phases for Hydrogen

The electrostatic force in blowing snow by David Scott Schmidt A
The electrostatic force in blowing snow by David Scott Schmidt A

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Aharonov–Bohm effect

The Aharonov–Bohm effect, sometimes called the Ehrenberg–Siday–Aharonov–Bohm effect, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an electrically charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic field (E, B), despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field B and electric field E are zero. The underlying mechanism is the coupling of the electromagnetic potential with the complex phase of a charged particle's wavefunction, and the Aharonov–Bohm effect is accordingly illustrated by interference experiments.The most commonly described case, sometimes called the Aharonov–Bohm solenoid effect, takes place when the wave function of a charged particle passing around a long solenoid experiences a phase shift as a result of the enclosed magnetic field, despite the magnetic field being negligible in the region through which the particle passes and the particle's wavefunction being negligible inside the solenoid. This phase shift has been observed experimentally. There are also magnetic Aharonov–Bohm effects on bound energies and scattering cross sections, but these cases have not been experimentally tested. An electric Aharonov–Bohm phenomenon was also predicted, in which a charged particle is affected by regions with different electrical potentials but zero electric field, but this has no experimental confirmation yet. A separate ""molecular"" Aharonov–Bohm effect was proposed for nuclear motion in multiply connected regions, but this has been argued to be a different kind of geometric phase as it is ""neither nonlocal nor topological"", depending only on local quantities along the nuclear path.Werner Ehrenberg and Raymond E. Siday first predicted the effect in 1949, and similar effects were later published by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm in 1959. After publication of the 1959 paper, Bohm was informed of Ehrenberg and Siday's work, which was acknowledged and credited in Bohm and Aharonov's subsequent 1961 paper.Subsequently, the effect was confirmed experimentally by several authors; a general review can be found in Peshkin and Tonomura (1989).
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