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The Living and the Non-Living
The Living and the Non-Living

... navigation, however, the anatomical and physiological basis for the underlying magnetoreception remains unclear [3, 20]. On the basis of numerous behavioral and physiological investigations at least two distinct forms of magnetic transduction have been proposed for migratory birds: one mediated by m ...
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... Units: cgs vs SI  Units in cgs and SI (Sisteme Internationale) ...
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... C. You’ll now “translate” these concepts into an equation. Let E denote the electric field created by a rod or other collection of charges; let q denote the charge of a bead or other particle placed in the field; and let F denote the electric force felt by that particle. Write an equation relating E ...
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... where p0⊥ is the particle initial transverse momentum at τ = τ0 when E(τ ) |τ =τ0 = H(τ ) |τ =τ0 = 0 corresponding to the free particle state before the interaction. Such definition of the particle free state at the finite moment τ0 at the interaction with the EM wave is justified when we consider t ...
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... and more transparent than other forms of quantum mechanics (including nonrelativistic versions) but also more powerful. However, it requires a particular structuring of the information to make this possible – a particular ‘code’ which makes the fermionic object exactly symmetrical with its universal ...
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... conditions so as to minimize plasma to neutral interactions (e.g. particle sources and losses due to impact ionization or charge-exchange interactions) which will alter unimpeded fluxes and potentially mask the underlying physics. A third requirement involves exploring over an adequate scale length ...
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Resonant dynamics of chromium condensates

< 1 ... 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 ... 661 >

Aharonov–Bohm effect

The Aharonov–Bohm effect, sometimes called the Ehrenberg–Siday–Aharonov–Bohm effect, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an electrically charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic field (E, B), despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field B and electric field E are zero. The underlying mechanism is the coupling of the electromagnetic potential with the complex phase of a charged particle's wavefunction, and the Aharonov–Bohm effect is accordingly illustrated by interference experiments.The most commonly described case, sometimes called the Aharonov–Bohm solenoid effect, takes place when the wave function of a charged particle passing around a long solenoid experiences a phase shift as a result of the enclosed magnetic field, despite the magnetic field being negligible in the region through which the particle passes and the particle's wavefunction being negligible inside the solenoid. This phase shift has been observed experimentally. There are also magnetic Aharonov–Bohm effects on bound energies and scattering cross sections, but these cases have not been experimentally tested. An electric Aharonov–Bohm phenomenon was also predicted, in which a charged particle is affected by regions with different electrical potentials but zero electric field, but this has no experimental confirmation yet. A separate ""molecular"" Aharonov–Bohm effect was proposed for nuclear motion in multiply connected regions, but this has been argued to be a different kind of geometric phase as it is ""neither nonlocal nor topological"", depending only on local quantities along the nuclear path.Werner Ehrenberg and Raymond E. Siday first predicted the effect in 1949, and similar effects were later published by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm in 1959. After publication of the 1959 paper, Bohm was informed of Ehrenberg and Siday's work, which was acknowledged and credited in Bohm and Aharonov's subsequent 1961 paper.Subsequently, the effect was confirmed experimentally by several authors; a general review can be found in Peshkin and Tonomura (1989).
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