CloudMap: A Cloud-Based Pipeline for Analysis of Mutant
... aligners. Users may also choose from several alignment viewers such as the UCSC Genome Browser (Kent et al. 2002), the Integrated Genome Browser (IGB) (Nicol et al. 2009), WormBase (Harris et al. 2004), or other alignment viewers depending on their preferences. Additionally, we have written several ...
... aligners. Users may also choose from several alignment viewers such as the UCSC Genome Browser (Kent et al. 2002), the Integrated Genome Browser (IGB) (Nicol et al. 2009), WormBase (Harris et al. 2004), or other alignment viewers depending on their preferences. Additionally, we have written several ...
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... viability and mild phenotypes of either single knockout suggest a functional redundancy between these two proteins. Through biochemical and genetic studies, we now demonstrate that C. elegans Neurabin plays an ‘earlier’ role in neurons, where it physically interacts with, and specifically mediates, ...
... viability and mild phenotypes of either single knockout suggest a functional redundancy between these two proteins. Through biochemical and genetic studies, we now demonstrate that C. elegans Neurabin plays an ‘earlier’ role in neurons, where it physically interacts with, and specifically mediates, ...
UNC-119 suppresses axon branching
... terminated (axons and branches failed to reach the dorsal nerve cord). Finally, we noted if there were supernumerary growth cones extending directly from DD cell bodies. UNC-119 immunocytochemistry To determine where the UNC-119 protein was located, we generated antibodies against UNC-119. The DNA e ...
... terminated (axons and branches failed to reach the dorsal nerve cord). Finally, we noted if there were supernumerary growth cones extending directly from DD cell bodies. UNC-119 immunocytochemistry To determine where the UNC-119 protein was located, we generated antibodies against UNC-119. The DNA e ...
Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... Before embarking on a discussion of glia–neuron interactions, it is important to define each cell type. This is no small matter, since valid comparisons of glia–neuron interactions across diVerent species rest on the assumption that ...
... Before embarking on a discussion of glia–neuron interactions, it is important to define each cell type. This is no small matter, since valid comparisons of glia–neuron interactions across diVerent species rest on the assumption that ...
Table of Contents
... Figure 4. The RME motor neurons inhibit foraging movements. (A) Wild-type worms wave their heads in a narrow arc while foraging. (B) Mutants that lack GABA curve their heads in exaggerated flexures when foraging. (C) RMED motor neuron connectivity (White et al., 1986). The long undifferentiated proc ...
... Figure 4. The RME motor neurons inhibit foraging movements. (A) Wild-type worms wave their heads in a narrow arc while foraging. (B) Mutants that lack GABA curve their heads in exaggerated flexures when foraging. (C) RMED motor neuron connectivity (White et al., 1986). The long undifferentiated proc ...
studies on the development and organisation of the nervous system
... The building of a nervous system during development can be divided into three phases: the generation of the correct cells in the correct places, the outgrowth of nerve processes, and the formation of synapses. All of these phases show a high degree of specificity, which means that a large amount of ...
... The building of a nervous system during development can be divided into three phases: the generation of the correct cells in the correct places, the outgrowth of nerve processes, and the formation of synapses. All of these phases show a high degree of specificity, which means that a large amount of ...
The transmembrane proteins UNC-40/DCC, PTP-3/LAR
... distance to a region near the anterior deirid ganglion in the head, and the QL descendant PQR migrates the longest distance posteriorly to the phasmid ganglion in the tail (CHAPMAN et al. 2008; SULSTON and HORVITZ 1977; WHITE et al. 1986). The posterior migration of QL descendants requires the activ ...
... distance to a region near the anterior deirid ganglion in the head, and the QL descendant PQR migrates the longest distance posteriorly to the phasmid ganglion in the tail (CHAPMAN et al. 2008; SULSTON and HORVITZ 1977; WHITE et al. 1986). The posterior migration of QL descendants requires the activ ...
Total Wiring Length Minimization of C. elegans Neural
... not significantly vary from animal to animal. In particular, number of neurons (302) in the hermaphrodite worm is consistent across the individuals [1, 2], and synapses (both chemical synapses and electric gap junctions) are stereotypical with more than 75% reproducibility [3]. This consistency make ...
... not significantly vary from animal to animal. In particular, number of neurons (302) in the hermaphrodite worm is consistent across the individuals [1, 2], and synapses (both chemical synapses and electric gap junctions) are stereotypical with more than 75% reproducibility [3]. This consistency make ...
Evolution of central pattern generators and rhythmic behaviours
... if they are present in every member of a clade. Even if two behaviours are homologous, the neural circuitry can diverge (figure 1b 0 and b 00 ). This occurred for the CPGs underlying swimming behaviours of the nudibranchs Dendronotus iris and Melibe leonina. Both species exhibit a similar swimming b ...
... if they are present in every member of a clade. Even if two behaviours are homologous, the neural circuitry can diverge (figure 1b 0 and b 00 ). This occurred for the CPGs underlying swimming behaviours of the nudibranchs Dendronotus iris and Melibe leonina. Both species exhibit a similar swimming b ...
Translocation of RNA Granules in Living Neurons
... (Fig. 2a). In neurites the dye stained two classes of structures: elongated, cigar-shaped organelles and small granules. The more elongated structures were mitochondria, as shown by doublelabeling with the mitochondrial marker Mitotracker CMXROS (Fig. 2b). The signal intensity of each labeled struct ...
... (Fig. 2a). In neurites the dye stained two classes of structures: elongated, cigar-shaped organelles and small granules. The more elongated structures were mitochondria, as shown by doublelabeling with the mitochondrial marker Mitotracker CMXROS (Fig. 2b). The signal intensity of each labeled struct ...
General and cell type specific mechanisms target
... and cilia We generated integrated GFP-tagged PKD-2 (PKD-2::GFP) transgenes to visualize and study how PKD-2 is transported. PKD2::GFP transgenes fully rescue the male mating defect of pkd2(sy606) null mutants (Fig. 7), indicating that these transgenes are functional. PKD-2::GFP transgene expression ...
... and cilia We generated integrated GFP-tagged PKD-2 (PKD-2::GFP) transgenes to visualize and study how PKD-2 is transported. PKD2::GFP transgenes fully rescue the male mating defect of pkd2(sy606) null mutants (Fig. 7), indicating that these transgenes are functional. PKD-2::GFP transgene expression ...
Thermotaxis in Caenorhabditis elegans Analyzed by Measuring
... compares the two drives. Although the labels thermophilic, cryophilic, and atactic describe aberrant aggregation patterns on spatial gradients, they do not explain how putative thermophilic and cryophilic drives direct the worm’s movements toward the cultivation temperature. Also, it is unclear whet ...
... compares the two drives. Although the labels thermophilic, cryophilic, and atactic describe aberrant aggregation patterns on spatial gradients, they do not explain how putative thermophilic and cryophilic drives direct the worm’s movements toward the cultivation temperature. Also, it is unclear whet ...
Wiring optimization can relate neuronal structure and function
... discrepancy between the mean and median of the distribution indicates that a small number of neurons account for the largest deviations. These ‘‘outlier’’ neurons will be analyzed further in the following sections. To evaluate how well wiring-cost minimization predicts neuron position, we compare ou ...
... discrepancy between the mean and median of the distribution indicates that a small number of neurons account for the largest deviations. These ‘‘outlier’’ neurons will be analyzed further in the following sections. To evaluate how well wiring-cost minimization predicts neuron position, we compare ou ...
A behavioral switch: cGMP and PKC signaling in olfactory neurons
... Chemosensory preference can be examined in detail in the nematode C. elegans, whose compact nervous system with 302 neurons allows functions to be mapped to specific cell types. C. elegans is attracted to chemicals sensed by two pairs of olfactory neurons called AWC and AWA and a pair of gustatory n ...
... Chemosensory preference can be examined in detail in the nematode C. elegans, whose compact nervous system with 302 neurons allows functions to be mapped to specific cell types. C. elegans is attracted to chemicals sensed by two pairs of olfactory neurons called AWC and AWA and a pair of gustatory n ...
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... review, we highlight recent advances in two species, the nematode C. elegans and the zebrafish D. rerio, that have unveiled genetic pathways required for establishing brain asymmetry. We first discuss the specification of the left and right amphid wing ‘C’ (AWC) neurons of the C. elegans olfactory s ...
... review, we highlight recent advances in two species, the nematode C. elegans and the zebrafish D. rerio, that have unveiled genetic pathways required for establishing brain asymmetry. We first discuss the specification of the left and right amphid wing ‘C’ (AWC) neurons of the C. elegans olfactory s ...
The C. elegans Connectome Consists of Homogenous Circuits with
... Here we aimed to elucidate whether the CNR is indeed an organizing principle in neural networks, and if so, to elucidate the functional roles that common neighbor sets of neurons may confer the network. To carry such analyses on the network-wide level, we focused on the sole fully-mapped neural netw ...
... Here we aimed to elucidate whether the CNR is indeed an organizing principle in neural networks, and if so, to elucidate the functional roles that common neighbor sets of neurons may confer the network. To carry such analyses on the network-wide level, we focused on the sole fully-mapped neural netw ...
Nerve Regeneration in C. elegans after femtosecond laser axotomy
... Caenorhabditis elegans, an invertebrate model organism with only 302 neurons. By cutting nanoscale nerve connections inside the nematode C. elegans, the feedback loops that control backward motion of the worm can be disconnected. This operation stops the whole worm from moving backward while leaving ...
... Caenorhabditis elegans, an invertebrate model organism with only 302 neurons. By cutting nanoscale nerve connections inside the nematode C. elegans, the feedback loops that control backward motion of the worm can be disconnected. This operation stops the whole worm from moving backward while leaving ...
Pattern formation in the nematode epidermis: determination of the
... making this a favorable system for genetic studies of the morphogenetic mechanism. Sulston and Horvitz (1977) and Sulston et al. (1980) reported the postembryonic cell lineages that follow from the division of a small number of blast cells, giving rise to the male-specific structures of the tail, in ...
... making this a favorable system for genetic studies of the morphogenetic mechanism. Sulston and Horvitz (1977) and Sulston et al. (1980) reported the postembryonic cell lineages that follow from the division of a small number of blast cells, giving rise to the male-specific structures of the tail, in ...
Roles for miRNAs in Timing Developmental Progression Within
... regulates short-range signals that in turn regulate local dendrite-epithelial interactions. Although many questions remain unanswered about how bantam regulates the timing of this developmental transition in sensory neurons, these observations demonstrate that miRNAs can coordinate the growth of neu ...
... regulates short-range signals that in turn regulate local dendrite-epithelial interactions. Although many questions remain unanswered about how bantam regulates the timing of this developmental transition in sensory neurons, these observations demonstrate that miRNAs can coordinate the growth of neu ...
Modelling genotype–phenotype relationships and human disease
... However there are many other classes of interactions that can occur between genes, and approaches have also been devised to begin to identify these interactions systematically (Collins et al., 2006; Drees et al., 2005; Hartman and Tippery, 2004; Schuldiner et al., 2005). For example, Schuldiner et a ...
... However there are many other classes of interactions that can occur between genes, and approaches have also been devised to begin to identify these interactions systematically (Collins et al., 2006; Drees et al., 2005; Hartman and Tippery, 2004; Schuldiner et al., 2005). For example, Schuldiner et a ...
Neurosurgery: Functional Regeneration after Laser Axotomy
... dendrites of neurons, we have stained with DiI-red. While the axotomized neurons showed no red fluorescence (Supplementary Figure 2), their distal ends and the unoperated neurons were filled with DiI-red. Thus, although outside-connected distal stumps can take up the dye, they cannot pass it to the ...
... dendrites of neurons, we have stained with DiI-red. While the axotomized neurons showed no red fluorescence (Supplementary Figure 2), their distal ends and the unoperated neurons were filled with DiI-red. Thus, although outside-connected distal stumps can take up the dye, they cannot pass it to the ...
Asymmetric Neuroblast Divisions Producing Apoptotic Cells Require
... daughter into its sister, resulting in the production of extra neurons. Genetic interactions suggest that GRP-1 functions with the previously described Arf GAP CNT-2 and two other Arf GEFs, EFA-6 and BRIS-1, to regulate the activity of Arf GTPases. In agreement with this model, we show that GRP-1’s ...
... daughter into its sister, resulting in the production of extra neurons. Genetic interactions suggest that GRP-1 functions with the previously described Arf GAP CNT-2 and two other Arf GEFs, EFA-6 and BRIS-1, to regulate the activity of Arf GTPases. In agreement with this model, we show that GRP-1’s ...
Controlling gene expression with the Q repressible binary
... body length: 920 Mm o 17 Mm; n = 40), but additional expression of QF in hypodermal cells using dpy-7 promoter rescued the phenotype (Supplementary Fig. 4b; body length: 1,085 Mm o 94 Mm). Furthermore, rescue was suppressed when we expressed QS in hypodermal cells (Supplementary Fig. 4c and Fig. 1p; ...
... body length: 920 Mm o 17 Mm; n = 40), but additional expression of QF in hypodermal cells using dpy-7 promoter rescued the phenotype (Supplementary Fig. 4b; body length: 1,085 Mm o 94 Mm). Furthermore, rescue was suppressed when we expressed QS in hypodermal cells (Supplementary Fig. 4c and Fig. 1p; ...
Dense Core Vesicle Release: Controlling the Where as
... release in the soma? One possibility was that the soma had a higher resting-state level of calcium. The DCVs once budded from the Golgi were likely to possess all the proteins required for calcium-dependent release. Thus, within the soma the DCVs could have been exposed to a high enough concentratio ...
... release in the soma? One possibility was that the soma had a higher resting-state level of calcium. The DCVs once budded from the Golgi were likely to possess all the proteins required for calcium-dependent release. Thus, within the soma the DCVs could have been exposed to a high enough concentratio ...
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans /ˌseɪnɵræbˈdɪtɪs ˈɛlɛɡænz/ is a free-living (not parasitic), transparent nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, that lives in temperate soil environments. The name is a blend of Greek (caeno- - recent, rhabditis - rod-like) and Latin (elegans - elegant). In 1900, Maupas initially named it Rhabditides elegans, Osche placed it in the subgenus Caenorhabditis in 1952, and in 1955, Dougherty raised it to the status of genus.C. elegans is an unsegmented pseudocoelomate, and lacks a respiratory and a circulatory system. They possess gut granules which emit a brilliant blue fluorescence, a wave of which is seen at death in a 'death fluorescence'. The majority of these nematodes are female hermaphrodites. Males have specialised tails for mating that include spicules.In 1963, Sydney Brenner proposed research into C. elegans primarily in the area of neuronal development. In 1974, he began research into the molecular and developmental biology of C. elegans, which has since been extensively used as a model organism.C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its whole genome sequenced, and as of 2012, the only organism to have its connectome (neuronal ""wiring diagram"") completed.