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Some words about fundamental problems of physics
Some words about fundamental problems of physics

... with its solution, as a consequence, it is solved the fundamental problem of physics on the structure of nucleons. Therefore now, bound principally to the quark model of nucleons and having no advancements in solving the above problem, QCD theorists are trying at least to adjust by different ways th ...
Chern-Simons Inflation and Baryogenesis?
Chern-Simons Inflation and Baryogenesis?

... • In ’89 Larry Ford proposed a vector field model of inflation. But it suffered from a few problems: I. Vector fields spoil isotropy. II. The “Slow-Roll” conditions were difficult ...
The Family Problem: Extension of Standard Model with a
The Family Problem: Extension of Standard Model with a

... the gauge fields. In reality, nothing more. Even so far no scalar (Higgs) fields. So it’s a world of “pointlike” Dirac particles (a Dirac world) with interactions. Maybe this is an important guideline to follow. (“Dirac Similarity Principle”.) ...
MC2521062109
MC2521062109

... Fig.5 Mass Mechanism of the Higgs Field Each elementary particle acquires its unique set of attributes by interacting with invisible entities called fields. One such field is the electromagnetic field. Each particle interacts with the electromagnetic field in a way that depends on its electric charg ...
PARTICLE PHYSICS BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL
PARTICLE PHYSICS BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL

... electroweak symmetry breaking and the appearance of massive gauge bosons. To appreciate the impact of the Higgs discovery on the fundamental understanding of particle physics and cosmology we remind ourselves that the main arguments for its existence are tied to the underlying theory at high energie ...
Diapositive 1
Diapositive 1

... Gauge non-invariant ! [Jaffe, Manohar (1990)] ...
LHC Physics Goals
LHC Physics Goals

...  The Standard Model of Particle Physics  Symmetry Breaking and the Higgs boson  Higgs search at the LHC  Supersymmetry  TeV-scale gravity; large extra dimensions (?) ...
Potential Energy - McMaster University
Potential Energy - McMaster University

... Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Momentum is conserved in collisions. Kinetic energy is sometimes conserved; it depends on the nature of the interaction force. A collision is called elastic if the total kinetic energy is the same before and after the collision. If the interaction force is conservat ...
Part I: Understanding String Theory
Part I: Understanding String Theory

... The above Maxwell equations are written in their differential form in the absence of any magnetic or polarizable medium. As can be seen explicitly in equations 4, there is a relation between a change of a magnetic field B over time and the curl of an electric field E, implying that both fields are p ...
The Kinetic Theory of Gases (1)
The Kinetic Theory of Gases (1)

... lines. Alternatively, the failures may be so serious that some new physical insight is needed to resolve the inconsistencies with the experimental evidence – it is all there in the kinetic theory of gases. 4.2.1 Clues: Joule expansion and the Earth’s atmosphere The starting point for the kinetic the ...
Newsletter - U of M Physics
Newsletter - U of M Physics

... ordinary matter and radiation. The re-heating phase describes how the constituents of the present universe were created by the decay of this field. Re-heating was surely completed within the first second (and probably much earlier) after the big bang. At this time, nucleosynthesis, or the formation ...
General relativity and Its applications - UoN Repository
General relativity and Its applications - UoN Repository

... During that period, general relativity remained something of a curiosity among physical theories. It was clearly superior to Newtonian gravity, being consistent with special relativity and accounting for several effects unexplained by the Newtonian theory. Einstein himself had shown in 1915 how his ...
Effective Field Theory, Past and Future
Effective Field Theory, Past and Future

... interactions.18 But during this period, from the late 1960s to the late 1970s, like many other particle physicists I was chiefly concerned with developing and testing the Standard Model of elementary particles. As it happened, the Standard Model did much to clarify the basis for chiral symmetry. Qua ...
Measurement of the neutron lifetime with ultra
Measurement of the neutron lifetime with ultra

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Department of Physics MSc Handbook 2012/13 www.kcl.ac.uk/physics
Department of Physics MSc Handbook 2012/13 www.kcl.ac.uk/physics

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This article was downloaded by:[Michigan State University Libraries]
This article was downloaded by:[Michigan State University Libraries]

... in shaping our world, accounting for the masses of the weak-interaction force particles and—at least in the standard electroweak theory—giving masses to the quarks and leptons. To develop that importance, we shall begin by sketching the electroweak theory and evoking its successes. Then we will addr ...
The very long range nature of capillary interactions in liquid films
The very long range nature of capillary interactions in liquid films

... interactions. In this Letter we demonstrate how optical micromanipulation [10] allows the precise measurement of capillary interactions between two micron sized spheres confined in a free standing thin liquid film. Holographic optical tweezers [11] allow to isolate a single pair of particles and sca ...
The Semiotic Flora of Elementary Particles
The Semiotic Flora of Elementary Particles

... and this energy increases faster (inversely proportional to L²) when L decreases and therefore there will never be enough of zero-point-energy in the photon-field to create a particle with mass. If there are holes in the box potentially existing particles may escape and then have no localization-ene ...
Searching for the invisible at the Large Hadron Collider
Searching for the invisible at the Large Hadron Collider

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Enhanced Symmetries and the Ground State of String Theory
Enhanced Symmetries and the Ground State of String Theory

... 1. The Problem of Moduli Moduli, exact and approximate, seem almost ubiquitous in string (M ) theory. In recent years, they have proven quite useful in elucidating the underlying structure of the theory. But they also pose one of the greatest challenges to the theory. If string theory describes nat ...
IMFUFA- Roskilde Universitetscenter- postbox 260
IMFUFA- Roskilde Universitetscenter- postbox 260

... The physical concept of a particle — a point with mass — is, semiotically speaking, an icon — a sign whose object is potential or virtual. The particle as the physical object the icon refers to has definite properties, but not necessarily existence. A virtual particle is just a possibility for excit ...
PX430: Gauge Theories for Particle Physics
PX430: Gauge Theories for Particle Physics

... Q10 Considering the (roman lettered) subscripts that appear in the self-interaction diagrams given above, show that there is no self-interaction between three (or four) gauge bosons carrying the same index. Show also that weak isospin is conserved in these self-interactions. Q11 Show that gauge boso ...
Spectral Reflectance and Emittance of Particulate
Spectral Reflectance and Emittance of Particulate

... samples provide many strong features suitable for relatively simple interpretation, the spectra of roughened or particulate samples change in important ways with the degree of roughness or the particle size and packing density. For some time, it was believed by many investigators that the spectra of ...
Simulation of Fluids using the Navier
Simulation of Fluids using the Navier

... of interest (velocity, pressure, force, dye etc.) - Assume that velocity and pressure are 0 at time t = 0 - Assume that velocity is negative and that pressure is 0 at the grid boundaries ...
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Theory of everything

A theory of everything (ToE) or final theory, ultimate theory, or master theory is a hypothetical single, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all physical aspects of the universe. Finding a ToE is one of the major unsolved problems in physics. Over the past few centuries, two theoretical frameworks have been developed that, as a whole, most closely resemble a ToE. The two theories upon which all modern physics rests are general relativity (GR) and quantum field theory (QFT). GR is a theoretical framework that only focuses on the force of gravity for understanding the universe in regions of both large-scale and high-mass: stars, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, etc. On the other hand, QFT is a theoretical framework that only focuses on three non-gravitational forces for understanding the universe in regions of both small scale and low mass: sub-atomic particles, atoms, molecules, etc. QFT successfully implemented the Standard Model and unified the interactions (so-called Grand Unified Theory) between the three non-gravitational forces: weak, strong, and electromagnetic force.Through years of research, physicists have experimentally confirmed with tremendous accuracy virtually every prediction made by these two theories when in their appropriate domains of applicability. In accordance with their findings, scientists also learned that GR and QFT, as they are currently formulated, are mutually incompatible - they cannot both be right. Since the usual domains of applicability of GR and QFT are so different, most situations require that only one of the two theories be used. As it turns out, this incompatibility between GR and QFT is only an apparent issue in regions of extremely small-scale and high-mass, such as those that exist within a black hole or during the beginning stages of the universe (i.e., the moment immediately following the Big Bang). To resolve this conflict, a theoretical framework revealing a deeper underlying reality, unifying gravity with the other three interactions, must be discovered to harmoniously integrate the realms of GR and QFT into a seamless whole: a single theory that, in principle, is capable of describing all phenomena. In pursuit of this goal, quantum gravity has recently become an area of active research.Over the past few decades, a single explanatory framework, called ""string theory"", has emerged that may turn out to be the ultimate theory of the universe. Many physicists believe that, at the beginning of the universe (up to 10−43 seconds after the Big Bang), the four fundamental forces were once a single fundamental force. Unlike most (if not all) other theories, string theory may be on its way to successfully incorporating each of the four fundamental forces into a unified whole. According to string theory, every particle in the universe, at its most microscopic level (Planck length), consists of varying combinations of vibrating strings (or strands) with preferred patterns of vibration. String theory claims that it is through these specific oscillatory patterns of strings that a particle of unique mass and force charge is created (that is to say, the electron is a type of string that vibrates one way, while the up-quark is a type of string vibrating another way, and so forth).Initially, the term theory of everything was used with an ironic connotation to refer to various overgeneralized theories. For example, a grandfather of Ijon Tichy — a character from a cycle of Stanisław Lem's science fiction stories of the 1960s — was known to work on the ""General Theory of Everything"". Physicist John Ellis claims to have introduced the term into the technical literature in an article in Nature in 1986. Over time, the term stuck in popularizations of theoretical physics research.
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