Basics of thermodynamics
... Helmholtz free energy minimum principle: The equilibrium value of any unconstrained internal parameter in a system in diathermal contact with a heat reservoir minimizes the Helmholtz free energy at constant temperature (the temperature of the reservoir) Enthalpy minimum principle: The equilibrium va ...
... Helmholtz free energy minimum principle: The equilibrium value of any unconstrained internal parameter in a system in diathermal contact with a heat reservoir minimizes the Helmholtz free energy at constant temperature (the temperature of the reservoir) Enthalpy minimum principle: The equilibrium va ...
First law of thermodynamics
... The units for work and heat or for any other form of energy either are the same or are directly proportional. In SI units, the joule is used as the unit for both work and heat ad for any other energy unit. In English units, the basic unit for work is the foot pound force, and the basic unit for hea ...
... The units for work and heat or for any other form of energy either are the same or are directly proportional. In SI units, the joule is used as the unit for both work and heat ad for any other energy unit. In English units, the basic unit for work is the foot pound force, and the basic unit for hea ...
Fluids and Thermo powerpoint
... of that energy stays in the system and some leaves the system. The energy that leaves does work on the area around it. Energy that stays in the system creates an increase in the internal energy of the system. 2: It is impossible to have a cyclic (repeating) process that converts heat completely in ...
... of that energy stays in the system and some leaves the system. The energy that leaves does work on the area around it. Energy that stays in the system creates an increase in the internal energy of the system. 2: It is impossible to have a cyclic (repeating) process that converts heat completely in ...
Assignment #1
... (c) If now all of the gas molecules have their velocity vectors uniformly distributed on the surface of a negligibly thin spherical shell of radius v◦ centred about the origin in velocity space, what is the normalized velocity distribution function? Calculate new values for the mean velocity and ene ...
... (c) If now all of the gas molecules have their velocity vectors uniformly distributed on the surface of a negligibly thin spherical shell of radius v◦ centred about the origin in velocity space, what is the normalized velocity distribution function? Calculate new values for the mean velocity and ene ...
Introduction NOTES AND PROBLEM SET 1
... 1. Two hard spheres (with diameters σ) are fixed at the distance L. Other 3 similar spheres are free to move along the line connecting the first two spheres. Determine the dependence of average density of the spheres on the distance from the leftmost sphere (similar system with 4 spheres in total wa ...
... 1. Two hard spheres (with diameters σ) are fixed at the distance L. Other 3 similar spheres are free to move along the line connecting the first two spheres. Determine the dependence of average density of the spheres on the distance from the leftmost sphere (similar system with 4 spheres in total wa ...
Section 15.3
... there a pure creation or production of power without a corresponding exhaustion of something to supply it.” This statement represents the first formulation of one of the most important laws of physics—the Law of Conservation of Energy. In modern terminology, the law is stated as follows: In a conser ...
... there a pure creation or production of power without a corresponding exhaustion of something to supply it.” This statement represents the first formulation of one of the most important laws of physics—the Law of Conservation of Energy. In modern terminology, the law is stated as follows: In a conser ...
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
... pressure, temperature, volume, and density. Thermodynamics does not care whether molecules exist or not. Essentially all the results of thermodynamics can be worked out without any assumptions concerning the particle nature of matter. KMT, however, is a molecular theory (or a molecular model) of mat ...
... pressure, temperature, volume, and density. Thermodynamics does not care whether molecules exist or not. Essentially all the results of thermodynamics can be worked out without any assumptions concerning the particle nature of matter. KMT, however, is a molecular theory (or a molecular model) of mat ...
notes02
... 5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Cycle. Since energy is a thermodynamic property, if a system undergoes a cycle it must have the same energy in the beginning of the cycle as the end of the cycle. Therefore, evaluating 2.35a for a cycle results in the following: ...
... 5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Cycle. Since energy is a thermodynamic property, if a system undergoes a cycle it must have the same energy in the beginning of the cycle as the end of the cycle. Therefore, evaluating 2.35a for a cycle results in the following: ...
Chapter 12 Slide
... An ideal gas aborbs 5000 J of energy while doing 2000 J of work on the environment during a constant pressure process. (a) Calculate the change in the internal energy of the gas. (b) If the internal energy drops by 4500 J and 7500 J is expelled from the system, find the change in volume , assuming a ...
... An ideal gas aborbs 5000 J of energy while doing 2000 J of work on the environment during a constant pressure process. (a) Calculate the change in the internal energy of the gas. (b) If the internal energy drops by 4500 J and 7500 J is expelled from the system, find the change in volume , assuming a ...
Equipartition theorem
In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem is a general formula that relates the temperature of a system with its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, or simply equipartition. The original idea of equipartition was that, in thermal equilibrium, energy is shared equally among all of its various forms; for example, the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom in the translational motion of a molecule should equal that of its rotational motions.The equipartition theorem makes quantitative predictions. Like the virial theorem, it gives the total average kinetic and potential energies for a system at a given temperature, from which the system's heat capacity can be computed. However, equipartition also gives the average values of individual components of the energy, such as the kinetic energy of a particular particle or the potential energy of a single spring. For example, it predicts that every atom in a monatomic ideal gas has an average kinetic energy of (3/2)kBT in thermal equilibrium, where kB is the Boltzmann constant and T is the (thermodynamic) temperature. More generally, it can be applied to any classical system in thermal equilibrium, no matter how complicated. The equipartition theorem can be used to derive the ideal gas law, and the Dulong–Petit law for the specific heat capacities of solids. It can also be used to predict the properties of stars, even white dwarfs and neutron stars, since it holds even when relativistic effects are considered.Although the equipartition theorem makes very accurate predictions in certain conditions, it becomes inaccurate when quantum effects are significant, such as at low temperatures. When the thermal energy kBT is smaller than the quantum energy spacing in a particular degree of freedom, the average energy and heat capacity of this degree of freedom are less than the values predicted by equipartition. Such a degree of freedom is said to be ""frozen out"" when the thermal energy is much smaller than this spacing. For example, the heat capacity of a solid decreases at low temperatures as various types of motion become frozen out, rather than remaining constant as predicted by equipartition. Such decreases in heat capacity were among the first signs to physicists of the 19th century that classical physics was incorrect and that a new, more subtle, scientific model was required. Along with other evidence, equipartition's failure to model black-body radiation—also known as the ultraviolet catastrophe—led Max Planck to suggest that energy in the oscillators in an object, which emit light, were quantized, a revolutionary hypothesis that spurred the development of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.