Thermodynamics of Steam
... Saturated steam may be perfectly dry, that is, containing no water particles in suspension as it leaves the boiler. But as it begins to lose heat and fall in temperature, there will be a certain amount of condensation loss in the steam line. To avoid or minimize these losses, the saturated steam can ...
... Saturated steam may be perfectly dry, that is, containing no water particles in suspension as it leaves the boiler. But as it begins to lose heat and fall in temperature, there will be a certain amount of condensation loss in the steam line. To avoid or minimize these losses, the saturated steam can ...
Second Law of Thermodynamics
... It is impossible to construct a cyclical heat engine whose sole effect is absorption of energy from the hot reservoir and the performance of the equal amount of work. This statement is known as the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law. Note the word "sole." You have now seen three different sta ...
... It is impossible to construct a cyclical heat engine whose sole effect is absorption of energy from the hot reservoir and the performance of the equal amount of work. This statement is known as the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law. Note the word "sole." You have now seen three different sta ...
Basic Concepts and Definitions
... co-ordinates are usually denoted as properties which are macroscopic in nature. The property must have a definite value when the system is at a particular state and the value of which should not depend upon the past history of the system. A property can also be defined as any quantity that depends o ...
... co-ordinates are usually denoted as properties which are macroscopic in nature. The property must have a definite value when the system is at a particular state and the value of which should not depend upon the past history of the system. A property can also be defined as any quantity that depends o ...
ME12001 Thermodynamics T7
... energy generation. If it were possible to convert heat into work without any waste heat, then one would be able to build refrigerators that are more than 100% efficient! Consequently, the "impossible heat engine" pictured schematically here cannot exist, even in theory. Engineers tried hard for many ...
... energy generation. If it were possible to convert heat into work without any waste heat, then one would be able to build refrigerators that are more than 100% efficient! Consequently, the "impossible heat engine" pictured schematically here cannot exist, even in theory. Engineers tried hard for many ...
thermodynamics
... perfectly meaningful statement. Similarly, the statements ‘a certain amount of heat is supplied to the system’ or ‘a certain amount of work was done by the system’ are perfectly meaningful. To summarise, heat and work in thermodynamics are not state variables. They are modes of energy transfer to a ...
... perfectly meaningful statement. Similarly, the statements ‘a certain amount of heat is supplied to the system’ or ‘a certain amount of work was done by the system’ are perfectly meaningful. To summarise, heat and work in thermodynamics are not state variables. They are modes of energy transfer to a ...
Calorimetry
Calorimetry is the science or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due for example to chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints. Calorimetry is performed with a calorimeter. The word calorimetry is derived from the Latin word calor, meaning heat and the Greek word μέτρον (metron), meaning measure. Scottish physician and scientist Joseph Black, who was the first to recognize the distinction between heat and temperature, is said to be the founder of the science of calorimetry.Indirect Calorimetry calculates heat that living organisms produce by measuring either their production of carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste (frequently ammonia in aquatic organisms, or urea in terrestrial ones), or from their consumption of oxygen. Lavoisier noted in 1780 that heat production can be predicted from oxygen consumption this way, using multiple regression. The Dynamic Energy Budget theory explains why this procedure is correct. Heat generated by living organisms may also be measured by direct calorimetry, in which the entire organism is placed inside the calorimeter for the measurement.A widely used modern instrument is the differential scanning calorimeter, a device which allows thermal data to be obtained on small amounts of material. It involves heating the sample at a controlled rate and recording the heat flow either into or from the specimen.