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Mutations
Mutations

... • Generally, mutations are kept in check by the DNA repair system. Mutated cells are often either fixed or destroyed! • Mutations in somatic cells are not carried forward to the next generations. • Only mutations in sex cells can be passed down from parent to offspring and further on. ...
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No Slide Title

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... o Mutations cause ____________ genes and alleles to arise o Only mutations in cells that produce gametes can be ____________ to offspring o A ______________ mutation is a change in one base in a gene  The effects of point mutations can vary:  in _____________________ regions of DNA are often harml ...
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History of molecular evolution

The history of molecular evolution starts in the early 20th century with ""comparative biochemistry"", but the field of molecular evolution came into its own in the 1960s and 1970s, following the rise of molecular biology. The advent of protein sequencing allowed molecular biologists to create phylogenies based on sequence comparison, and to use the differences between homologous sequences as a molecular clock to estimate the time since the last common ancestor. In the late 1960s, the neutral theory of molecular evolution provided a theoretical basis for the molecular clock, though both the clock and the neutral theory were controversial, since most evolutionary biologists held strongly to panselectionism, with natural selection as the only important cause of evolutionary change. After the 1970s, nucleic acid sequencing allowed molecular evolution to reach beyond proteins to highly conserved ribosomal RNA sequences, the foundation of a reconceptualization of the early history of life.
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