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Evolutionary Psychology and the Unity of Sciences – towards an
Evolutionary Psychology and the Unity of Sciences – towards an

... • Epistemology will acquire the ability to be shared: with robots, aliens or any other entity that needs cognition to survive and program its future. • Creating situated robots means carrying out our own cognitive evolution by new means, thereby engendering symbiotic, co-evolving, and selfaccelerati ...
Knowledge Representation
Knowledge Representation

... •  X P(X) means that P(X) must be true for every object X in the domain of interest. •  X P(X) means that P(X) must be true for at least one object X in the domain of interest. • So if we have a domain of interest consisting of just two people, john and mary, and we know that tall(mary) and tall(j ...
HISTORY OF LOGIC
HISTORY OF LOGIC

... – Human reasoning could be reduced to calculations of a sort, and that such calculations could resolve many differences of opinion. – Leibniz enunciated the principal properties of what we now call conjunction, disjunction and negation. – All our complex ideas are compounded from a small number of s ...
Review - Gerry O nolan
Review - Gerry O nolan

Propositional Logic Predicate Logic
Propositional Logic Predicate Logic

... “There exists x s.t. A” B is true for some individual x. We also use individual constant a, b, c, etc. For some specific theories, we may write ∀x ∈ X.A or ∃x ∈ X.A to specify the set that x ranges over. Note. Nullary predicates (or, predicates with zero variables) are propositions. ...
Definition - Rogelio Davila
Definition - Rogelio Davila

... Definition. A set of wffs  is consistent, sound, or satisfiable, if all their elements admit the same model. Otherwise it is said to be inconsistent. Definition. Let  be a set of wffs and  a wff, we say that  entails , or that  is a logical consequence of ,  , iff every model of  is a mode ...
PDF
PDF

Natural Deduction Proof System
Natural Deduction Proof System

... • Natural Deduction tries to follow the natural style of reasoning. Most of the proof consists of forward reasoning, i.e. deriving conclusions, deriving new conclusions from these conclusions, etc. Occasionally hypotheses are introduced or dropped. • A derivation is a tree where the nodes are the ru ...
CSE 321, Discrete Structures
CSE 321, Discrete Structures

Creativity and Artificial Intelligence
Creativity and Artificial Intelligence

... techniques. Since the author sees planning as just one among a number of aspects for achieving artificial intelligence, the case for deductive planning is presented in this paper in form of a paradigm case for achieving the grander goal of artificial intelligence. The paper will therefore not only p ...
Logic and Proof - Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and
Logic and Proof - Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and

... “it is not the case that P(x) is T for all x” ≡ “there exists x such that P(x) is F” (Example) Negation of “all Americans eat cheeseburgers” “there is an American who do not eat cheeseburgers” ¬∃xP(x) ≡ ∀x¬P(x) “it is not the case that there exists x such that P(x) is T” ≡ “P(x) is F for all ...
Mathematical Logic Deciding logical consequence Complexity of
Mathematical Logic Deciding logical consequence Complexity of

... The modern notion of symbolic formal proof was developed in the 20th century by logicians and mathematicians such as Russell, Frege and Hilbert. The benefit of formal logic is that it is based on a pure syntax: a precisely defined symbolic language with procedures for transforming symbolic statement ...
MODERN ASTROLOGY. Edited by ALAN LEO. Monthly, 6d. 42
MODERN ASTROLOGY. Edited by ALAN LEO. Monthly, 6d. 42

Ch1 - COW :: Ceng
Ch1 - COW :: Ceng

... Propositional logic is one of the simplest logics Propositional logic has direct applications e.g. circuit design There are efficient algorithms for reasoning in propositional logic Propositional logic is a foundation for most of the more expressive logics ...
Definition: A proof is a system of reasoning or argument to convince
Definition: A proof is a system of reasoning or argument to convince

... true. Example: 1. All dogs are mammals. 2. Fido is a dog. 3. Therefore, Fido is a mammal.  The argument is deductive.  The first 2 statements are the premises.  Statement 3 is the conclusion.  It is valid because the logic is good (proceeds ...
(draft)
(draft)

pdf
pdf

4 slides/page
4 slides/page

logical axiom
logical axiom

... 2. (a → (b → c)) → ((a → b) → (a → c)) 3. (¬a → ¬b) → (b → a) where → is a binary logical connective and ¬ is a unary logical connective, and a, b, c are any (well-formed) formulas. Let us take these formulas as axioms. Next, we pick a rule of inference. The popular choice is the rule “modus ponens ...
Propositional/First
Propositional/First

... • A valid sentence is true in all worlds under all interpretations • If an implication sentence can be shown to be valid, then—given its premise—its consequent can be derived • Different logics make different commitments about what the world is made of and what kind of beliefs we can have regarding ...
Lecture_ai_3 - WordPress.com
Lecture_ai_3 - WordPress.com

... • Used to join atomic symbols to form complex structure • Valid connectives are as follows i)Not or negation  Denoted by ̚  if P is true then ̚ P is false ii)Conjunction Denoted by AND/˄ P˄Q will be true if both of them is true iii)Disjunction Denoted by OR/˅ P˅Q will be true if only one of th ...
Document
Document

... CS 471/598, CBS 598 by H. Liu ...
x - Agus Aan
x - Agus Aan

PDF
PDF

... assume the “weaker” version and that ∆, A ` B, where ∆ is an arbitrary set of formulas. Then there is a deduction (finite sequence of formulas) A1 , . . . , An+1 = B such that each Ai (where i ≤ n) is either an axiom, A itself, a formula in ∆, or a formula obtained from an application of an inferenc ...
To His Coy Mistress* Andrew Marvell
To His Coy Mistress* Andrew Marvell

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Inquiry



An inquiry is any process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a problem. A theory of inquiry is an account of the various types of inquiry and a treatment of the ways that each type of inquiry achieves its aim.
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