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Recent progress in additive prime number theory
Recent progress in additive prime number theory

... Now we turn from random models to another aspect of prime number theory, namely sieve theory. One way to approach the primes is to start with all the integers in a given range (e.g. from N/2 to N) and then sift out all the non-primes, for instance by removing the multiples of 2, then √ the multiples ...
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... We shall use a lot of ideas from interval analysis. However, instead of defining an interval [d, u] as the set {x ∈ R | d ≤ x ≤ u} or as a pair hd, ui of real numbers, as is usually done, we see it as a weaker form of Dedekind cut, defined in terms of the rationals. Real numbers (genuine cuts) are s ...
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... Finally we have to state clearly what kind of opinions (sentences) can be formulated in the language we deal with and, moreover, which of those opinions are true (valid), and which are false (invalid). Now we can investigate the subject of reasoning via the validity of expressed opinions. Such an ab ...
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... transition to the state in which the system receives the input i. Since the input information has been absorbed by the states, the transition function δ : S × I → S is replaced by a transition relation R ⊆ S × S. A pair (s, s0 ) ∈ R indicates that there exists a transition from state s to state s0 . ...
Department of Mathematics, Jansons Institute of Technology
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A Hoare Logic for Linear Systems - School of Electronic Engineering

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Mathematical logic

Mathematical logic is a subfield of mathematics exploring the applications of formal logic to mathematics. It bears close connections to metamathematics, the foundations of mathematics, and theoretical computer science. The unifying themes in mathematical logic include the study of the expressive power of formal systems and the deductive power of formal proof systems.Mathematical logic is often divided into the fields of set theory, model theory, recursion theory, and proof theory. These areas share basic results on logic, particularly first-order logic, and definability. In computer science (particularly in the ACM Classification) mathematical logic encompasses additional topics not detailed in this article; see Logic in computer science for those.Since its inception, mathematical logic has both contributed to, and has been motivated by, the study of foundations of mathematics. This study began in the late 19th century with the development of axiomatic frameworks for geometry, arithmetic, and analysis. In the early 20th century it was shaped by David Hilbert's program to prove the consistency of foundational theories. Results of Kurt Gödel, Gerhard Gentzen, and others provided partial resolution to the program, and clarified the issues involved in proving consistency. Work in set theory showed that almost all ordinary mathematics can be formalized in terms of sets, although there are some theorems that cannot be proven in common axiom systems for set theory. Contemporary work in the foundations of mathematics often focuses on establishing which parts of mathematics can be formalized in particular formal systems (as in reverse mathematics) rather than trying to find theories in which all of mathematics can be developed.
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