The Ontological Argument Part 2 File
... female monarch’ 2) To explain there actually is something: ‘there is such a thing as a vampire’. ...
... female monarch’ 2) To explain there actually is something: ‘there is such a thing as a vampire’. ...
Propositional Logic: Part I - Semantics
... “If pigs could fly then I’d enjoy brussel sprouts!” p : Pigs fly; b : Enjoy sprouts This (p |= b) is an invalid argument. Why use it? The real argument is: p, ¬p |= b which is a valid argument. Why is it valid? There is no counter example where p ∧ ¬p is true and b is false. Ex falso quod libet! i. ...
... “If pigs could fly then I’d enjoy brussel sprouts!” p : Pigs fly; b : Enjoy sprouts This (p |= b) is an invalid argument. Why use it? The real argument is: p, ¬p |= b which is a valid argument. Why is it valid? There is no counter example where p ∧ ¬p is true and b is false. Ex falso quod libet! i. ...
Language of Logic 1-2B - Winterrowd-math
... What counterexamples to Alice’s logic were given by the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, and the Dormouse? What is the difference between “I mean what I say” and “I say what I mean”? If you had attended the tea party, what counterexample to Alice’s logic could you have added to the conversation? ...
... What counterexamples to Alice’s logic were given by the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, and the Dormouse? What is the difference between “I mean what I say” and “I say what I mean”? If you had attended the tea party, what counterexample to Alice’s logic could you have added to the conversation? ...
PDF
... then Q(x)”, and "Q(a)" -- then P(a) is an invalid conclusion. Inverse Error (Quantified Form): When we are given the premises "For all x, if P(x) then Q(x)" and " ~P(a)" -- then ~Q(a) is an invalid conclusion. Venn Diagrams: A particularly helpful technique for evaluating the validity of an argument ...
... then Q(x)”, and "Q(a)" -- then P(a) is an invalid conclusion. Inverse Error (Quantified Form): When we are given the premises "For all x, if P(x) then Q(x)" and " ~P(a)" -- then ~Q(a) is an invalid conclusion. Venn Diagrams: A particularly helpful technique for evaluating the validity of an argument ...
Logical fallacy
... Aristotle. A modern instance is "celebrity spokespersons" in advertisements: a product is good and you should buy/use/support it because your favorite celebrity endorses it. An appeal to authority is always a logical fallacy though it can be an appropriate form of rational argument if, for example, ...
... Aristotle. A modern instance is "celebrity spokespersons" in advertisements: a product is good and you should buy/use/support it because your favorite celebrity endorses it. An appeal to authority is always a logical fallacy though it can be an appropriate form of rational argument if, for example, ...
PPT
... A proof of Q from H1, H2, … Hk is finite sequence of propositional forms Q 1, Q 2, … Qn such that Qn is same as Q and every Qj is either one of Hi, (i = 1, 2, … , k) or it follows from the proceedings by the logic rules. Note: In these proofs we will follow the following formats: We begin with by li ...
... A proof of Q from H1, H2, … Hk is finite sequence of propositional forms Q 1, Q 2, … Qn such that Qn is same as Q and every Qj is either one of Hi, (i = 1, 2, … , k) or it follows from the proceedings by the logic rules. Note: In these proofs we will follow the following formats: We begin with by li ...
chapter 16
... for conditional derivation is Φ, and we derive as some step in the proof Ψ, then we can write after this (Φ → Ψ) as our conclusion. — An indirect proof (or indirect derivation, and also known as a reductio ad absurdum) is an ordered list of sentences in which every sentence is either a premise, is t ...
... for conditional derivation is Φ, and we derive as some step in the proof Ψ, then we can write after this (Φ → Ψ) as our conclusion. — An indirect proof (or indirect derivation, and also known as a reductio ad absurdum) is an ordered list of sentences in which every sentence is either a premise, is t ...
Logic, Human Logic, and Propositional Logic Human Logic
... If there is no fuel, the car will not start. If there is no spark, the car will not start. There is spark. The car will not start. Therefore, there is no fuel. What if the car is in a vacuum chamber? ...
... If there is no fuel, the car will not start. If there is no spark, the car will not start. There is spark. The car will not start. Therefore, there is no fuel. What if the car is in a vacuum chamber? ...
p - Upm
... (p1 p2 ... pn) → q, we can establish the validity of the logically equivalent argument (p1 p2 ... pn ¬q) → F0. ...
... (p1 p2 ... pn) → q, we can establish the validity of the logically equivalent argument (p1 p2 ... pn ¬q) → F0. ...
Week 3 - Ms. McKinley`s Math
... 19. Hypothesis-The part p of a conditional statement following the word if. 20. Conclusion-The part q of a conditional statement following the word then. 21. Truth value-Either true or false. 22. Negation-A true statement is dales and the false statement is true. 23. Converse-The statement formed by ...
... 19. Hypothesis-The part p of a conditional statement following the word if. 20. Conclusion-The part q of a conditional statement following the word then. 21. Truth value-Either true or false. 22. Negation-A true statement is dales and the false statement is true. 23. Converse-The statement formed by ...
4 slides/page
... • epistemic logic: for reasoning about knowledge The simplest logic (on which all the rest are based) is propositional logic. It is intended to capture features of arguments such as the following: Borogroves are mimsy whenever it is brillig. It is now brillig and this thing is a borogrove. Hence thi ...
... • epistemic logic: for reasoning about knowledge The simplest logic (on which all the rest are based) is propositional logic. It is intended to capture features of arguments such as the following: Borogroves are mimsy whenever it is brillig. It is now brillig and this thing is a borogrove. Hence thi ...
Tautologies Arguments Logical Implication
... k = #primitive propositions in A1, . . . , An, B). It’s not that bad. • Because of the way we defined ⇒, A1 ∧ . . . ∧ An ⇒ B is guaranteed to be true if A1 ∧ . . . ∧ An is false. • But if A1 ∧ . . . ∧ An is true, B is true, since the argument is valid. • Thus, (A1 ∧ . . . ∧ An) ⇒ B is a tautology. F ...
... k = #primitive propositions in A1, . . . , An, B). It’s not that bad. • Because of the way we defined ⇒, A1 ∧ . . . ∧ An ⇒ B is guaranteed to be true if A1 ∧ . . . ∧ An is false. • But if A1 ∧ . . . ∧ An is true, B is true, since the argument is valid. • Thus, (A1 ∧ . . . ∧ An) ⇒ B is a tautology. F ...
Chapter 7 Propositional and Predicate Logic
... Not logically valid, BUT can still be useful. In fact, it models the way humans reason all the time: Every non-flying bird I’ve seen before has been a penguin; hence that non-flying bird must be a penguin. ...
... Not logically valid, BUT can still be useful. In fact, it models the way humans reason all the time: Every non-flying bird I’ve seen before has been a penguin; hence that non-flying bird must be a penguin. ...
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC 1 Propositional Logic - Glasnost!
... arguments precisely – in the first argument, if the premise is indeed true, then the conclusion cannot be false. On the other hand, even if the premise in the second argument is true, there is no guarantee that the conclusion must also be true. For example, John could be 30 years old. An argument is ...
... arguments precisely – in the first argument, if the premise is indeed true, then the conclusion cannot be false. On the other hand, even if the premise in the second argument is true, there is no guarantee that the conclusion must also be true. For example, John could be 30 years old. An argument is ...
What is Logic?
... Modal logic is a higher order logic. Allows us to reason about certainties, and possible worlds. If a statement A is contingent then we say that A is possibly true, which is written: ◊A If A is non-contingent, then it is necessarily true, which is written: A cf. “fuzzy logic” … to appear later ...
... Modal logic is a higher order logic. Allows us to reason about certainties, and possible worlds. If a statement A is contingent then we say that A is possibly true, which is written: ◊A If A is non-contingent, then it is necessarily true, which is written: A cf. “fuzzy logic” … to appear later ...
Robot Morality and Review of classical logic.
... only if p is false; otherwise, it is false. • So logically speaking negation has the effect of switching the truth-value of any sentence in which it occurs. ...
... only if p is false; otherwise, it is false. • So logically speaking negation has the effect of switching the truth-value of any sentence in which it occurs. ...
8.1 Symbols and Translation
... consists in translating the premises and conclusion into singular statements, then testing the result with an indirect truth table. ◦ A universe of one is tried. If it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false in this universe, the argument is immediately identified as invalid ...
... consists in translating the premises and conclusion into singular statements, then testing the result with an indirect truth table. ◦ A universe of one is tried. If it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false in this universe, the argument is immediately identified as invalid ...
September 4
... Since first-order logic is supposed to be our most austere, canonical language, there does seem to be a real difference between existence and predication. Still, we should not necessarily follow Kant on the basis of first-order logic. Formal systems can be constructed with all sorts of properties. W ...
... Since first-order logic is supposed to be our most austere, canonical language, there does seem to be a real difference between existence and predication. Still, we should not necessarily follow Kant on the basis of first-order logic. Formal systems can be constructed with all sorts of properties. W ...
brief lecture notes for Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
... message itself, the clarity of its claim, whether it contradicts itself, whether it uses strong supporting evidence. We can think of it as “logic” or “logical appeal.” ...
... message itself, the clarity of its claim, whether it contradicts itself, whether it uses strong supporting evidence. We can think of it as “logic” or “logical appeal.” ...
Lesson 1
... Circumstances according to Definition 1 are particular interpretations (depending on the expressive power of the logical system). Logical connectives (‘and’, ‘or’, ‘if …then …’) and quantifiers (‘all’, ‘some’, ‘every’, …) have a fixed interpretation; we interpret elementary propositions and/or their ...
... Circumstances according to Definition 1 are particular interpretations (depending on the expressive power of the logical system). Logical connectives (‘and’, ‘or’, ‘if …then …’) and quantifiers (‘all’, ‘some’, ‘every’, …) have a fixed interpretation; we interpret elementary propositions and/or their ...
ppt
... • A tautology is a formula that is true in every model. (also called a theorem) – for example, (A A) is a tautology – What about (AB)(AB)? – Look at tautological equivalences on pg. 8 of text ...
... • A tautology is a formula that is true in every model. (also called a theorem) – for example, (A A) is a tautology – What about (AB)(AB)? – Look at tautological equivalences on pg. 8 of text ...
Philosophy of Logic and Language
... it was widely held in the early 20th century. But it fell out of favour in and around the 1930s. ...
... it was widely held in the early 20th century. But it fell out of favour in and around the 1930s. ...
Intro to Logic
... How to represent knowledge in a specific domain Reason and make decisions about this knowledge ...
... How to represent knowledge in a specific domain Reason and make decisions about this knowledge ...