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Congenital Heart Disease with Left to Right Shunt

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... Br J Anaesth 2004; 92: 651±7 Keywords: age factors; arterial pressure, hypertension; heart, radial systolic pressure; heart, systolic pressure differences Accepted for publication: December 23, 2003 ...
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Determinants of Duration and Mean Rate of Ventricular Ejection

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... beats spontaneously decreased without moving the catheter. This apparent acclimatization of the endocardium to an indwelling catheter has been noted also in the right side. It is possible that the catheter may shift from an irritable focus due to respiration or to the heart beat. Form of the Prematu ...
Mean aortic pressure is the geometric mean of systolic and diastolic
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... geometric mean, i.e., the square root of the product of SAP and DAP, furnished a reliable estimate of MAP (mean bias(SD) = 0.3(2.7) mmHg). The harmonic mean was inaccurate. The following MAP formulas were also tested: DAP+0.412 PP (Meaney et al. 2000); DAP+0.33PP+5 mmHg (Chemla et al. 2002); and DAP ...
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Percutaneous Pulmonary Valve Implantation for RVOT Defects
Percutaneous Pulmonary Valve Implantation for RVOT Defects

... cation of a percutaneous valve in the pulmonic position in a 12-year-old patient with a previously implanted conduit for pulmonary atresia. The conduit had developed severe stenosis and regurgitation. After the percutaneous pulmonic valve was placed, the patient had partial relief of the stenosis wi ...
cardiology grand rounds - Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation
cardiology grand rounds - Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation

... Diffusely thickened, redundant mitral leaflets Associated with connective tissue  Chordal elongation/rupture disease* Severe annular enlargement Associated with congenital heart  Thickened, redundant mitral leaflets ...
Full text - FNWI (Science) Education Service Centre
Full text - FNWI (Science) Education Service Centre

... were performing the Valsalva maneuver and when the coronary arteries of the patients had increased blood flow. A separate measurement determined the same data but with 2 patients in rest and had their heart rate artificially heightened by fifty percent. From these datasets the rate of pressure rise, ...
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Aortic stenosis



Aortic stenosis (AS) is the narrowing of the exit of the left ventricle of the heart such that problems result. It may occur at the aortic valve as well as above and below this level. It typically gets worse over time. Symptoms often come on gradually with a decreased ability to exercise often occurring first. If heart failure, loss of consciousness, or heart related chest pain occurs due to AS the outcomes are worse. Loss of consciousness typically occurs with standing or exercise. Signs of heart failure include shortness of breath especially with lying down, at night, and with exercise as well as swelling of the legs. Thickening of the valve without narrowing is known as aortic sclerosis.Causes include being born with a bicuspid aortic valve and rheumatic fever. A bicuspid aortic valve affects about one to two percent of the population while rheumatic heart disease mostly occurring in the developing world. A normal valve, however, may also harden over the decades. Risk factors are similar to those of coronary artery disease and include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and being male. The aortic valve usually has three leaflets and is located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta. AS typically results in a heart murmur. Its severity can be divided into mild, moderate, severe, and very severe based on ultrasound of the heart findings.Aortic stenosis is typically followed using repeated ultrasounds. Once it has become severe treatment primarily involves valve replacement surgery with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) being an option in some who are at high risk from surgery. Valves may either be mechanical or bioprosthetic with each having risks and benefits. Another less invasive procedure, balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) may result in benefit but this is for only for a few months. Complications like heart failure may be treated as per normal in those with mild to moderate AS. In those with severe disease a number of medications should be avoided including ACE inhibitors, nitroglycerin, and some beta blockers. Nitroprusside or phenylephrine may be used in those with decompensated heart failure depending on the blood pressure.Aortic stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in the developed world. It affects about 2% of people who are over 65 years of age. Estimated rates are not known in most of the developing world as of 2014. In those who have symptoms, without repair, the chance of death at five years is about 50% and at 10 years is about 90%. Aortic stenosis was first described by French physician Lazare Rivière in 1663.
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