The Optics of the Compound Eye of the Honeybee
... The Optics of the Compound Eye of the Honeybee (Apis mellifera) FRANCISCO G. VARELA and WAYNE WIITANEN From the Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 ABSTRACT The optical system of the compound eye of the worker honeybee, as a representative of the closed-rhabdo ...
... The Optics of the Compound Eye of the Honeybee (Apis mellifera) FRANCISCO G. VARELA and WAYNE WIITANEN From the Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 ABSTRACT The optical system of the compound eye of the worker honeybee, as a representative of the closed-rhabdo ...
VISUAL OPTICS MIDTERM PRACTICE QUESTIONS
... (B) The average eye has the same longitudinal spherical aberration as would be predicted for an eye with spherical cornea, but less transverse spherical aberration (C) The average eye has longitudinal and transverse spherical aberration that nicely matches what would be predicted for an eye with sph ...
... (B) The average eye has the same longitudinal spherical aberration as would be predicted for an eye with spherical cornea, but less transverse spherical aberration (C) The average eye has longitudinal and transverse spherical aberration that nicely matches what would be predicted for an eye with sph ...
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... characterize a hidden object within such media, this system is approximated as a one-layered medium or as a semi-infinite homogeneous medium. With the aid of the reflection and transmission coefficients for diffusive– diffusive interfaces, however, multiple-layered (Mlayered) configurations in conta ...
... characterize a hidden object within such media, this system is approximated as a one-layered medium or as a semi-infinite homogeneous medium. With the aid of the reflection and transmission coefficients for diffusive– diffusive interfaces, however, multiple-layered (Mlayered) configurations in conta ...
Microscopes:
... Phase –contrast. Several different forms of phase-contrast are available. Conventional phase is advantageous for looking at live semen, as well as semen “fixed” in an appropriate liquid fixative (e.g. Formal-saline or PBS-Gluteraldehyde). The additional contrast provided by phase means that differen ...
... Phase –contrast. Several different forms of phase-contrast are available. Conventional phase is advantageous for looking at live semen, as well as semen “fixed” in an appropriate liquid fixative (e.g. Formal-saline or PBS-Gluteraldehyde). The additional contrast provided by phase means that differen ...
A depolarization criterion in Mueller matrices
... mathematical expression, was obtained by Barakat [5], and Simon [6] later obtained a matrix condition for a Mueller matrix, M, to describe a totally polarized system. In this paper we show that, because of the peculiar structure of Mueller matrices, which satisfy a series of constraining inequalitie ...
... mathematical expression, was obtained by Barakat [5], and Simon [6] later obtained a matrix condition for a Mueller matrix, M, to describe a totally polarized system. In this paper we show that, because of the peculiar structure of Mueller matrices, which satisfy a series of constraining inequalitie ...
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727 PP 06-11 www.iosrjournals.org
... helps for the propagation of signals along transmission line or in free space. The existence of polarities is closely related to the poor conductivity of most metals at optical frequencies but it also opens up opportunities for the design of electric components of optical spectrum [12]. Therefore, t ...
... helps for the propagation of signals along transmission line or in free space. The existence of polarities is closely related to the poor conductivity of most metals at optical frequencies but it also opens up opportunities for the design of electric components of optical spectrum [12]. Therefore, t ...
Lecture 7 Optical Lithography
... • If we want to image the aperture on an image plane (resist), we can collect the light using a lens and focus it on the image plane. • But the finite diameter of the lens means some information is lost (higher spatial frequency components). ...
... • If we want to image the aperture on an image plane (resist), we can collect the light using a lens and focus it on the image plane. • But the finite diameter of the lens means some information is lost (higher spatial frequency components). ...
Cataracts Outline- A Medrano-T Polly- A Alvarado
... A slit lamp allows your eye doctor to see the structures at the front of your eye under magnification. The microscope is called a slit lamp because it uses an intense line of light, a slit, to illuminate your cornea, iris, lens, and the space between your iris and cornea. The slit allows your doctor ...
... A slit lamp allows your eye doctor to see the structures at the front of your eye under magnification. The microscope is called a slit lamp because it uses an intense line of light, a slit, to illuminate your cornea, iris, lens, and the space between your iris and cornea. The slit allows your doctor ...
Heidelberg Retina Tomograph - HRT
... In a confocal optical system as shown in figure 2, a small diaphragm is placed in front of the detector at a location which is optically conjugated to the focal plane of the illuminating system. The effect of this confocal pinhole is as follows: such light reflected from the object at the focal plan ...
... In a confocal optical system as shown in figure 2, a small diaphragm is placed in front of the detector at a location which is optically conjugated to the focal plane of the illuminating system. The effect of this confocal pinhole is as follows: such light reflected from the object at the focal plan ...
"Contrast Enhancement in Light Microscopy". In: Current Protocols in
... Contrast Enhancement in Light Microscopy Optical microscopes, which are among the oldest instruments of scientific discovery, continue to be key tools in both biomedical research and routine diagnosis. This remains true despite the development of a wide range of new imaging technologies, many with f ...
... Contrast Enhancement in Light Microscopy Optical microscopes, which are among the oldest instruments of scientific discovery, continue to be key tools in both biomedical research and routine diagnosis. This remains true despite the development of a wide range of new imaging technologies, many with f ...
Chapter 8
... a = kz-t, the resultant wave is right-circularly polarized (rotate clockwise). 2) When E0x=E0y=E0, = p /2 , E( z, t ) E0 [iˆ cos(kz t ) ˆj sin( kz t )] a = -kz +t, the resultant wave is left-circularly polarized (rotate counterclockwise). Circular light: i)The amplitude E0 does not cha ...
... a = kz-t, the resultant wave is right-circularly polarized (rotate clockwise). 2) When E0x=E0y=E0, = p /2 , E( z, t ) E0 [iˆ cos(kz t ) ˆj sin( kz t )] a = -kz +t, the resultant wave is left-circularly polarized (rotate counterclockwise). Circular light: i)The amplitude E0 does not cha ...
preprint version PDF - Emory Physics Department
... conventional “snapshot” camera or a CCD video camera. The latter is now more common, and well-suited for studying samples which move or change. The output of the CCD video camera is usually attached to a frame grabber card in a computer, so that data is saved digitally, although a conventional VCR ...
... conventional “snapshot” camera or a CCD video camera. The latter is now more common, and well-suited for studying samples which move or change. The output of the CCD video camera is usually attached to a frame grabber card in a computer, so that data is saved digitally, although a conventional VCR ...
VOLT Operations Guide - Optical Wavelength Laboratories
... requires two fibers from the same fiber cable to be looped back at one end with a patch cord. Light is injected into one of the fibers by the transmitter and is received by the detector connected to the other fiber. The round trip travel time is converted into length in kilometers and divided by two ...
... requires two fibers from the same fiber cable to be looped back at one end with a patch cord. Light is injected into one of the fibers by the transmitter and is received by the detector connected to the other fiber. The round trip travel time is converted into length in kilometers and divided by two ...
Laser Molecular Spectroscopy CHE466 Fall 2007
... For a pulsed laser, E is the energy output measured using a Joule meter and t is the time duration of the pulse. In a CW laser, the power is measured directly with a power meter. The power flux is the power per unit area: F = P/A ...
... For a pulsed laser, E is the energy output measured using a Joule meter and t is the time duration of the pulse. In a CW laser, the power is measured directly with a power meter. The power flux is the power per unit area: F = P/A ...
Reflection and Mirrors
... reflecting surface. The image a plane mirror forms is the same size as the object. However, it is a virtual image because no object is located at the place where the image appears. A virtual image is an image of an object that your brain perceives to be in a place where the object is not. Suppose yo ...
... reflecting surface. The image a plane mirror forms is the same size as the object. However, it is a virtual image because no object is located at the place where the image appears. A virtual image is an image of an object that your brain perceives to be in a place where the object is not. Suppose yo ...
Amplitude and Phase of Tightly Focused Laser Beams in Turbid Media
... the focal field. Diffraction theory models the focal volume as the spatial interference of the electric field and is sufficient to describe the propagation of a focused laser beam in homogeneous media [1]. However, biological samples are composed of cellular and extracellular components of varying s ...
... the focal field. Diffraction theory models the focal volume as the spatial interference of the electric field and is sufficient to describe the propagation of a focused laser beam in homogeneous media [1]. However, biological samples are composed of cellular and extracellular components of varying s ...
Design of a video interface controller for color sequential liquid
... 2, Hadan-Dong, Saha-Ku, Busan, 604-714, Korea [email protected] In this paper, we describe the change of the light polarization which is produced by optically phase retardation materials as a half wave plate which can show the wideband property in oblique incident. The film consists of two biaxial pla ...
... 2, Hadan-Dong, Saha-Ku, Busan, 604-714, Korea [email protected] In this paper, we describe the change of the light polarization which is produced by optically phase retardation materials as a half wave plate which can show the wideband property in oblique incident. The film consists of two biaxial pla ...
Demonstration of a linear optical true
... course, the number of delays obtainable with a realistic number of bounces in a linear cell is far too small to be useful for a real radar. Optical true-time delay devices based on the White cell with far higher capability, up to 6,550 delays in 18 bounces, have been proposed elsewhere.24 Those desi ...
... course, the number of delays obtainable with a realistic number of bounces in a linear cell is far too small to be useful for a real radar. Optical true-time delay devices based on the White cell with far higher capability, up to 6,550 delays in 18 bounces, have been proposed elsewhere.24 Those desi ...
Single-Mode Photonic Band Gap Guidance of Light in Air
... narrow band gaps above the light line in this range of frequencies and for the sample parameters studied. Further comparison with the experimental results will require that the presence of the large air hole be modeled, which will take some time and might require the development of new theoretical t ...
... narrow band gaps above the light line in this range of frequencies and for the sample parameters studied. Further comparison with the experimental results will require that the presence of the large air hole be modeled, which will take some time and might require the development of new theoretical t ...
Resolution scaling in STED microscopy
... dark and bright states, to achieve such resolutions have since been demonstrated [8-13]. At the same time, STED has been applied to a multitude of imaging tasks [14-17] mainly in biology and more recently, STED microscopes have become commercially available. The resolution achieved by such a far-fie ...
... dark and bright states, to achieve such resolutions have since been demonstrated [8-13]. At the same time, STED has been applied to a multitude of imaging tasks [14-17] mainly in biology and more recently, STED microscopes have become commercially available. The resolution achieved by such a far-fie ...
Measuring amplitude and phase of light emerging from
... effective numerical aperture and the best resolution for this experimental arrangement. Close to the grating, in the socalled Fresnel diffraction regime, interference of diffracted beams forms periodic features in the axial direction as shown in Figs. 6(a) and 6(b). These patterns are directly assoc ...
... effective numerical aperture and the best resolution for this experimental arrangement. Close to the grating, in the socalled Fresnel diffraction regime, interference of diffracted beams forms periodic features in the axial direction as shown in Figs. 6(a) and 6(b). These patterns are directly assoc ...
Generation of vortex beams by an image-rotating - AS
... axis, the circulating light will exactly overlap the injected beam after four trips around the cavity rather than after a single pass. The mode spacing is then c/4L, so there are three extra resonances between the original modes associated with perfect seed alignment. They correspond to single-pass ...
... axis, the circulating light will exactly overlap the injected beam after four trips around the cavity rather than after a single pass. The mode spacing is then c/4L, so there are three extra resonances between the original modes associated with perfect seed alignment. They correspond to single-pass ...
Development of a high precision interferometric set-up for the
... units in this case are pico seconds/√kilo meter. White Light Interferometry: This technique measures ∆τ when the two orthogonal polarization modes are crosscorrelated in time domain. The cross correlation is attained through an analyzer placed at 45° to both the axes (fig.1). The delay is induced in ...
... units in this case are pico seconds/√kilo meter. White Light Interferometry: This technique measures ∆τ when the two orthogonal polarization modes are crosscorrelated in time domain. The cross correlation is attained through an analyzer placed at 45° to both the axes (fig.1). The delay is induced in ...
Coherent x-rays: overview
... • I have been asked to organize a program of lectures that will provide explanations and information about coherence experiments to a wide cross section of the ESRF scientific and technical community • The concepts of coherence theory come from physics and engineering but I and the other speakers wi ...
... • I have been asked to organize a program of lectures that will provide explanations and information about coherence experiments to a wide cross section of the ESRF scientific and technical community • The concepts of coherence theory come from physics and engineering but I and the other speakers wi ...
Optical coherence tomography
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an established medical imaging technique that uses light to capture micrometer-resolution, three-dimensional images from within optical scattering media (e.g., biological tissue). Optical coherence tomography is based on low-coherence interferometry, typically employing near-infrared light. The use of relatively long wavelength light allows it to penetrate into the scattering medium. Confocal microscopy, another optical technique, typically penetrates less deeply into the sample but with higher resolution.Depending on the properties of the light source (superluminescent diodes, ultrashort pulsed lasers, and supercontinuum lasers have been employed), optical coherence tomography has achieved sub- micrometer resolution (with very wide-spectrum sources emitting over a ~100 nm wavelength range).Optical coherence tomography is one of a class of optical tomographic techniques. A relatively recent implementation of optical coherence tomography, frequency-domain optical coherence tomography, provides advantages in signal-to-noise ratio, permitting faster signal acquisition. Commercially available optical coherence tomography systems are employed in diverse applications, including art conservation and diagnostic medicine, notably in ophthalmology and optometry where it can be used to obtain detailed images from within the retina. Recently it has also begun to be used in interventional cardiology to help diagnose coronary artery disease. It has also shown promise in dermatology to improve the diagnostic process.