Optical amplifiers
... whisky goes into the student, but instantly comes back out, magnified several times with a flurry of liquid from the earlier pumping. And so the optical signal exits the EDFA having been increased in intensity several times over. Erbium has several energy levels, but its ions are usually in the grou ...
... whisky goes into the student, but instantly comes back out, magnified several times with a flurry of liquid from the earlier pumping. And so the optical signal exits the EDFA having been increased in intensity several times over. Erbium has several energy levels, but its ions are usually in the grou ...
Azimuthally polarized surface plasmons as
... metal, the Hφ(r) field is proportional to I1(k0κmr)/I0(k0κmR). As we shall see below, |εm| is far larger than 1 in the THz spectral region. Using the relations |εm|>>1 and neff≈1, one can get the relation κm≈(-εm)1/2. As a consequence, the real part of κm is quite large. Typically, it has the order ...
... metal, the Hφ(r) field is proportional to I1(k0κmr)/I0(k0κmR). As we shall see below, |εm| is far larger than 1 in the THz spectral region. Using the relations |εm|>>1 and neff≈1, one can get the relation κm≈(-εm)1/2. As a consequence, the real part of κm is quite large. Typically, it has the order ...
Pulsed laser deposition of a dense and uniform Au nanoparticles
... ascribed to the contribution of JSC . The JSC improvement results from the absorption enhancement, as it can be seen from the extinction spectrum of a solar cell with and without Au NPs (Fig. 1c and Fig. 1d, respectively). The absorption in the region 350-650nm is enhanced by 20% for the sample with ...
... ascribed to the contribution of JSC . The JSC improvement results from the absorption enhancement, as it can be seen from the extinction spectrum of a solar cell with and without Au NPs (Fig. 1c and Fig. 1d, respectively). The absorption in the region 350-650nm is enhanced by 20% for the sample with ...
Slide 1
... For WDM systems – characterization needs the same signal-loading conditions as in the actual application Question Why is there a difference in the optical amplifier characterization between single- and multi-channel systems? ...
... For WDM systems – characterization needs the same signal-loading conditions as in the actual application Question Why is there a difference in the optical amplifier characterization between single- and multi-channel systems? ...
High-efficiency blue generation by frequency doubling of
... In the limit of tight focusing slT , b ,,Ld, we obtain U2v yUv > spy2d sgUv yad. Thus, for lT , b , ,L, the conversion eff iciency is independent of both pulse width and focusing. We performed experiments with a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser generating ,120-fs pulses at an 80-MHz repetition rate at ...
... In the limit of tight focusing slT , b ,,Ld, we obtain U2v yUv > spy2d sgUv yad. Thus, for lT , b , ,L, the conversion eff iciency is independent of both pulse width and focusing. We performed experiments with a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser generating ,120-fs pulses at an 80-MHz repetition rate at ...
Using the Spectrophotometer
... 1. Obtain 4 test tubes. Number them 1 to 4. 2. Use a P1000 to pipet 2000 µl of dH2O into each tube. 3. Add 2000 µl of 18.6 µM bromphenol blue to tube 1. This tube represents a 1/2 (or a 1:1) dilution. The concentration of bromphenol blue in this tube is 9.3 µM (18.6 µM * 1/2). 4. To mix the contents ...
... 1. Obtain 4 test tubes. Number them 1 to 4. 2. Use a P1000 to pipet 2000 µl of dH2O into each tube. 3. Add 2000 µl of 18.6 µM bromphenol blue to tube 1. This tube represents a 1/2 (or a 1:1) dilution. The concentration of bromphenol blue in this tube is 9.3 µM (18.6 µM * 1/2). 4. To mix the contents ...
Light source used for AA
... Discharge lamps, such as neon signs, pass an electric current through the inert gas . The electrons collide with inert gas atoms, ionizing them and accelerating their cations to collide with the metal atoms which then will be excited and decay to lower levels by emitting electromagnetic radiation wi ...
... Discharge lamps, such as neon signs, pass an electric current through the inert gas . The electrons collide with inert gas atoms, ionizing them and accelerating their cations to collide with the metal atoms which then will be excited and decay to lower levels by emitting electromagnetic radiation wi ...
High‐transmission dielectric metasurface with 2π phase control at
... transmission into the desired diffraction order. The maximum transmission is limited by material loss and can further be improved, e.g. by using other materials with lower losses in the visible (e.g TiO2 , GaN, etc.). It is known [19, 20, 28–32] that in spherical high refractive index dielectric par ...
... transmission into the desired diffraction order. The maximum transmission is limited by material loss and can further be improved, e.g. by using other materials with lower losses in the visible (e.g TiO2 , GaN, etc.). It is known [19, 20, 28–32] that in spherical high refractive index dielectric par ...
The Michelson Interferometer
... consider a single point S on the source emitting light in all directions; let’s follow the course of one emerging ray. In fact, a wave from S will be split at O, and its segments will thereafter be reflected from M1 and M2. In my diagram I represent this by reflecting the ray off both M2 and M1’. To ...
... consider a single point S on the source emitting light in all directions; let’s follow the course of one emerging ray. In fact, a wave from S will be split at O, and its segments will thereafter be reflected from M1 and M2. In my diagram I represent this by reflecting the ray off both M2 and M1’. To ...
... 2. Iron has BCC structure with atomic radius 0.123A˚. Find the lattice constant and also the volume of the unit cell. 3. The lattice constant of a metal with cubic lattice is 2.88A˚. The density of metal is 7200Kg/m3. Calculate the number of unit cell present in 1 Kg of the metal. 4. Calculate the l ...
First results of the Herschel key program “Dust, Ice and Gas In Time
... We used the spectral energy distribution (SED) mode, covering the wavelength range from 55 to 210 μm (see Poglitsch 2010, for details of the instrument and calibration). Four up/down scans of the grating for two nod positions were performed with a chopper throw of 1 . Our data were processed in HIP ...
... We used the spectral energy distribution (SED) mode, covering the wavelength range from 55 to 210 μm (see Poglitsch 2010, for details of the instrument and calibration). Four up/down scans of the grating for two nod positions were performed with a chopper throw of 1 . Our data were processed in HIP ...
1.9 W yellow, CW, high-brightness light from a high efficiency
... The setup for obtaining efficient frequency doubling of the NIR light is sketched in figure 1. The laser diode is described in18. It is mounted p-side up and has two contacts for controlling injection current: One for the ridge waveguide section and one for the tapered amplifier section. A distribut ...
... The setup for obtaining efficient frequency doubling of the NIR light is sketched in figure 1. The laser diode is described in18. It is mounted p-side up and has two contacts for controlling injection current: One for the ridge waveguide section and one for the tapered amplifier section. A distribut ...
Mode-locked fiber laser gyroscope
... reflector is a function of the rotation rate or any nonreciprocal phase shift introduced between the counterpropagating waves in the Sagnac interferometer. A fiber-optic phase modulator located near one end of the fiber coil, as shown in Fig. 1(a), can be used to modulate the optical loss in the cav ...
... reflector is a function of the rotation rate or any nonreciprocal phase shift introduced between the counterpropagating waves in the Sagnac interferometer. A fiber-optic phase modulator located near one end of the fiber coil, as shown in Fig. 1(a), can be used to modulate the optical loss in the cav ...
Nature of Gravitation
... wave X- and gamma rays show corpuscularity. As the transition from one part of the electromagnetic spectrum to the other is continuous its ‘wave-quantum unity’ is inescapable. So is also for the energetic moving particles of matter as also they, particularly with small mass, produce diffraction patt ...
... wave X- and gamma rays show corpuscularity. As the transition from one part of the electromagnetic spectrum to the other is continuous its ‘wave-quantum unity’ is inescapable. So is also for the energetic moving particles of matter as also they, particularly with small mass, produce diffraction patt ...