Intro to Oceanography
... Earth was hot and completely dry; combination of meteorites and volcanic activity ...
... Earth was hot and completely dry; combination of meteorites and volcanic activity ...
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... photosynthesis can vary significantly between ocean regions and over temporal scales. What are some of the factors that regulate this productivity? How can we monitor global productivity patterns? Chlorophyll in the water affects the way water reflects and absorbs sunlight, allowing maps of chloroph ...
... photosynthesis can vary significantly between ocean regions and over temporal scales. What are some of the factors that regulate this productivity? How can we monitor global productivity patterns? Chlorophyll in the water affects the way water reflects and absorbs sunlight, allowing maps of chloroph ...
ocean zones
... waves, and sea and land predators. Animals often burrow or have hard shells that can be sealed to prevent water loss. Plants usually cling to hard bottoms. ...
... waves, and sea and land predators. Animals often burrow or have hard shells that can be sealed to prevent water loss. Plants usually cling to hard bottoms. ...
Ocean Currents - Holy Angels School
... carry this energy to colder regions. • As warm water reaches a colder region, it cools, becomes denser, and sinks. • As warm surface water moves away, cold water rises to the surface. The cold water absorbs the sun’s energy, and the cycle continues. What is upwelling? • Upwelling is the process by w ...
... carry this energy to colder regions. • As warm water reaches a colder region, it cools, becomes denser, and sinks. • As warm surface water moves away, cold water rises to the surface. The cold water absorbs the sun’s energy, and the cycle continues. What is upwelling? • Upwelling is the process by w ...
Shallow methylmercury production in the marginal sea ice
... tHg concentrations range from 0.45 to 7.0 pM (0.97 ± 0.76 pM, n = 81). The highest concentration (7.0 pM) is associated with a surface water sample (10 m-depth) at the southernmost station 79°N. Those surface waters are warmer and less salty, indicative of river inputs from Siberia (Fig. S1). The ...
... tHg concentrations range from 0.45 to 7.0 pM (0.97 ± 0.76 pM, n = 81). The highest concentration (7.0 pM) is associated with a surface water sample (10 m-depth) at the southernmost station 79°N. Those surface waters are warmer and less salty, indicative of river inputs from Siberia (Fig. S1). The ...
The Ocean
... forms a barrier to the downward mixing of the cold surface waters, that become cold enough to freeze and form sea ice. Because of the length of the cold season and the extreme cold, the sea ice eventually forms very thick masses called pack ice (=pole ker). See Fig. 8-18 on p.394. The water in the o ...
... forms a barrier to the downward mixing of the cold surface waters, that become cold enough to freeze and form sea ice. Because of the length of the cold season and the extreme cold, the sea ice eventually forms very thick masses called pack ice (=pole ker). See Fig. 8-18 on p.394. The water in the o ...
Oceans of the World
... Lomonosov Ridge extends from northeastern Greenland to Central Siberia and separates the basins. The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by landmasses of Eurasia, North America, and Greenland, and is unlike the other three oceans because of the perennial ice cover. The extent of sea ice is seasonal between 6 ...
... Lomonosov Ridge extends from northeastern Greenland to Central Siberia and separates the basins. The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by landmasses of Eurasia, North America, and Greenland, and is unlike the other three oceans because of the perennial ice cover. The extent of sea ice is seasonal between 6 ...
Workshop_Ackleson
... 1994: UNCLOS, established an international legal framework defining ocean-related rights and responsibilities of nations. 1999: Joint Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology, established by WMO and IOC to coordinate international activities in oceanographic and atmospheric research. 1999: ...
... 1994: UNCLOS, established an international legal framework defining ocean-related rights and responsibilities of nations. 1999: Joint Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology, established by WMO and IOC to coordinate international activities in oceanographic and atmospheric research. 1999: ...
Evolution of Ocean Observatories
... 1987: International Geosphere/Biosphere Program, established to coordinate international efforts to determine the impact of human activities on natural processes. 1992: Global Ocean Observing System, support office established under aegis of IOC and other international environmental groups. 1994: UN ...
... 1987: International Geosphere/Biosphere Program, established to coordinate international efforts to determine the impact of human activities on natural processes. 1992: Global Ocean Observing System, support office established under aegis of IOC and other international environmental groups. 1994: UN ...
Notes and Ocean Vocab Words
... An opening in the sea floor where super-heated water and other material are discharged into the surrounding seawater. The area that lies between the low-tide and the high-tide line. A chain of undersea mountains that circles the earth through every ocean. Free-swimming organisms whose movements are ...
... An opening in the sea floor where super-heated water and other material are discharged into the surrounding seawater. The area that lies between the low-tide and the high-tide line. A chain of undersea mountains that circles the earth through every ocean. Free-swimming organisms whose movements are ...
Ocean Waves
... touch the floor causing the wave to slow down As the speed decreases, their shapes change Near the shore, wave height increases and wavelength decreases When a wave reaches a certain height, the crest of the wave topples ...
... touch the floor causing the wave to slow down As the speed decreases, their shapes change Near the shore, wave height increases and wavelength decreases When a wave reaches a certain height, the crest of the wave topples ...
EPSS 15 Introduction to Oceanography – Spring 2017 Physiography
... floor. Sediments deposited by turbidity currents are often triggered by earthquakes. A classic example of this kind of activity was provided during the Grand Banks Earthquake off Newfoundland on November 19, 1929 (Figures 5 and 6). Slumping and turbidity currents triggered by the earthquake resulted ...
... floor. Sediments deposited by turbidity currents are often triggered by earthquakes. A classic example of this kind of activity was provided during the Grand Banks Earthquake off Newfoundland on November 19, 1929 (Figures 5 and 6). Slumping and turbidity currents triggered by the earthquake resulted ...
Geo 221_19 copy
... Every major animal phylum that exists on Earth today, as well as a few more that have since become ex:nct, appeared within less than 10 million years during the early Cambrian evolu:onary radia:on ...
... Every major animal phylum that exists on Earth today, as well as a few more that have since become ex:nct, appeared within less than 10 million years during the early Cambrian evolu:onary radia:on ...
Tsunami Expert - Spokane Public Schools
... "Imagine a flood of water swirling up the street, lifting cars and flinging them through flimsy buildings as it goes. Then imagine the buildings themselves being washed away, leaving behind little more than scattered rubble. This is a tsunami.” ( Natural Disasters, Readers Digest, 1996.) The effects ...
... "Imagine a flood of water swirling up the street, lifting cars and flinging them through flimsy buildings as it goes. Then imagine the buildings themselves being washed away, leaving behind little more than scattered rubble. This is a tsunami.” ( Natural Disasters, Readers Digest, 1996.) The effects ...
Tsunami Geology - What Causes a Tsunami?
... Many people have the mistaken belief that tsunamis are single waves. They are not. Instead tsunamis are "wave trains" consisting of multiple waves. The chart below is a tidal gauge record from Onagawa, Japan beginning at the time of the 1960 Chile earthquake. Time is plotted along the horizontal axi ...
... Many people have the mistaken belief that tsunamis are single waves. They are not. Instead tsunamis are "wave trains" consisting of multiple waves. The chart below is a tidal gauge record from Onagawa, Japan beginning at the time of the 1960 Chile earthquake. Time is plotted along the horizontal axi ...
the ocean
... average for about 3 years before it drifts out of the area. Most of it follows the East Greenland Current and flows southward into the Greenland Sea as pack ice. Here melting takes place, but some of the drifting ice may reach the north Atlantic before it finally melts. The heat needed for the melti ...
... average for about 3 years before it drifts out of the area. Most of it follows the East Greenland Current and flows southward into the Greenland Sea as pack ice. Here melting takes place, but some of the drifting ice may reach the north Atlantic before it finally melts. The heat needed for the melti ...
The first observations, September 1998, CMOS Bulletin.
... drift. TOPEX/ERS imagery generally confirms this westward drift with a few notable exceptions. Sitka-1998 and Haida-1998 both drifted southwards between April and November 1998, then turned toward the southwest. Several eddies that formed at the most northern extent of the Gulf of Alaska drifted mai ...
... drift. TOPEX/ERS imagery generally confirms this westward drift with a few notable exceptions. Sitka-1998 and Haida-1998 both drifted southwards between April and November 1998, then turned toward the southwest. Several eddies that formed at the most northern extent of the Gulf of Alaska drifted mai ...
Preview Sample 1
... 1. The process of plate tectonics is occurring today in the same way as in the past. Can you project future positions of the continents by looking at a map of their present positions and the positions of the mid-ocean ridges (see fig., 2.5)? What oceans are growing and which are shrinking? Where wil ...
... 1. The process of plate tectonics is occurring today in the same way as in the past. Can you project future positions of the continents by looking at a map of their present positions and the positions of the mid-ocean ridges (see fig., 2.5)? What oceans are growing and which are shrinking? Where wil ...
ThE WatEr OF LIFE - Marine WATERs
... on rock and water runoff has dissolved salts into the sea to the current salinity level of about 35 ppt (parts per thousand, though just the number is usually used). It is thought equilibrium was reached about 600 million years ago when the sea could no longer dissolve any more material in solution, ...
... on rock and water runoff has dissolved salts into the sea to the current salinity level of about 35 ppt (parts per thousand, though just the number is usually used). It is thought equilibrium was reached about 600 million years ago when the sea could no longer dissolve any more material in solution, ...
Ocean Floor Features
... • Human activities can also harm the land and oceans causing resources to be polluted or destroyed. • Sometimes people may allow materials to be dumped into rivers not thinking that rivers flow into the estuaries and ocean where they are harmful to life there. • Careless dumping of trash on land or ...
... • Human activities can also harm the land and oceans causing resources to be polluted or destroyed. • Sometimes people may allow materials to be dumped into rivers not thinking that rivers flow into the estuaries and ocean where they are harmful to life there. • Careless dumping of trash on land or ...
Marine Provinces and the Ocean Floor
... negative gravity anomaly; The crust is held down and is not in equilibrium. Seismic activity occurs at or near the trenches. They have Benioff zones in which earthquake foci become progressively deeper in a landward direction. Most intermediate and deep earthquakes occur in such zones. They are asso ...
... negative gravity anomaly; The crust is held down and is not in equilibrium. Seismic activity occurs at or near the trenches. They have Benioff zones in which earthquake foci become progressively deeper in a landward direction. Most intermediate and deep earthquakes occur in such zones. They are asso ...
Nutrient Cycles
... to the sea floor. This represents a loss of nutrients from the surface water. In deep water, these nutrients will tend to remain on the ocean floor, unless returned to surface waters by upwelling. • The growth of corals involves the deposition of calcium carbonate; this represents another way in whi ...
... to the sea floor. This represents a loss of nutrients from the surface water. In deep water, these nutrients will tend to remain on the ocean floor, unless returned to surface waters by upwelling. • The growth of corals involves the deposition of calcium carbonate; this represents another way in whi ...
Sea Monsters - The Barr Bunch
... Amazing beasts lurk in the murky depths of the ocean. Some are as large as a school bus. Many glow in the dark. Most have razor-sharp teeth. And we're just beginning to discover more of them. Few places on our planet are as mysterious as the deep sea. Until recently, scientists doubted that many cre ...
... Amazing beasts lurk in the murky depths of the ocean. Some are as large as a school bus. Many glow in the dark. Most have razor-sharp teeth. And we're just beginning to discover more of them. Few places on our planet are as mysterious as the deep sea. Until recently, scientists doubted that many cre ...
Unit 6 Lesson 2 Ocean Currents
... _______ regions. • As warm water reaches a colder region, it cools, becomes denser, and _______. • As _____ surface water moves away, ______ water rises to the surface. The cold water absorbs the sun’s energy, and the cycle continues. What is upwelling? • __________ is the process by which winds blo ...
... _______ regions. • As warm water reaches a colder region, it cools, becomes denser, and _______. • As _____ surface water moves away, ______ water rises to the surface. The cold water absorbs the sun’s energy, and the cycle continues. What is upwelling? • __________ is the process by which winds blo ...
Sea
A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea (with the definite article) is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been travelled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the IHO's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas.Owing to the present state of continental drift, the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea (a ratio of about 2:3) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic (1:4.7). Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5% by mass, although this can vary in more landlocked waters, near the mouths of large rivers, or at great depths. About 85% of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride. Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature. Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides, the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth (the Coriolis effect).Former changes in the sea levels have left continental shelves, shallow areas in the sea close to land. These nutrient-rich waters teem with life, which provide humans with substantial supplies of food—mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals, and seaweed—which are both harvested in the wild and farmed. The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs. Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting. Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters: even under enormous depths and pressures, nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem. Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea.The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults; powerful tsunami waves; and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. This importance and duality has affected human culture, from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange, from Viking funerals to Basho's haikus to hyperrealist marine art, and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov's ""The Sea and Sinbad's Ship"" to A-mei's ""Listen to the Sea"". It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming, diving, surfing, and sailing. However, population growth, industrialization, and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts, lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification. The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem.