4.1 Simulated Emission and Photon Amplification
... lasing medium. (b) Allowed modes and their wavelengths due to stationary EM waves within the optical cavity. (c) The output spectrum (relative intensity vs. wavelength) is determined by satisfying (a) and (b) simultaneously, assuming no cavity losses.22 ...
... lasing medium. (b) Allowed modes and their wavelengths due to stationary EM waves within the optical cavity. (c) The output spectrum (relative intensity vs. wavelength) is determined by satisfying (a) and (b) simultaneously, assuming no cavity losses.22 ...
Laser Locking with Doppler-free Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy
... (b) Fine and hyperfine splitting for rubidium between the 52P1/2 and 52P1/2 states (795 nm D1 line). The lower part gives the relative position of the hyperfine lines in MHz [4]. With these multi-level atoms, additional variables such as optical pumping and crossover resonances must be considered. C ...
... (b) Fine and hyperfine splitting for rubidium between the 52P1/2 and 52P1/2 states (795 nm D1 line). The lower part gives the relative position of the hyperfine lines in MHz [4]. With these multi-level atoms, additional variables such as optical pumping and crossover resonances must be considered. C ...
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... last ten years optical tweezers have been revolutionized by the availability of programmable spatial light modulators (SLM) [10]. In HOT, the SLM is configured to act as a phase-only diffractive optical element allowing a single incident laser beam to be split into many beams, each forming an indivi ...
... last ten years optical tweezers have been revolutionized by the availability of programmable spatial light modulators (SLM) [10]. In HOT, the SLM is configured to act as a phase-only diffractive optical element allowing a single incident laser beam to be split into many beams, each forming an indivi ...
Diffraction-free beams in thin films *
... stand for a combination of reflected and transmitted waves as shown below. We point out that the condition  ⬍ k disposes of a diverging behavior of U±n far off the core layer. These unidirectional wave fields, on the other hand, lead to the formation of localized radiation modes. Such an optical fe ...
... stand for a combination of reflected and transmitted waves as shown below. We point out that the condition  ⬍ k disposes of a diverging behavior of U±n far off the core layer. These unidirectional wave fields, on the other hand, lead to the formation of localized radiation modes. Such an optical fe ...
Four Aces of Refractive Surgery: Aberrations
... When a plane or spherical wavefront is projected into a perfect optical system free of aberrations the returning wave should be aberration free i.e. plane or spherical. However if the system has optical aberrations the returning wavefront will reflect the aberrations of the system. The outgoing ligh ...
... When a plane or spherical wavefront is projected into a perfect optical system free of aberrations the returning wave should be aberration free i.e. plane or spherical. However if the system has optical aberrations the returning wavefront will reflect the aberrations of the system. The outgoing ligh ...
Doppler-Free Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy of Rubidium Using a Tunable Diode Laser
... was arranged as shown in Figure 2. The optical isolator was aligned to maximize transmission, and the half-wave plate was adjusted such that one to two mW of power was going into the saturated absorption spectroscopy setup. A function generator (Simpson 420) was connected to the tunable diode laser’ ...
... was arranged as shown in Figure 2. The optical isolator was aligned to maximize transmission, and the half-wave plate was adjusted such that one to two mW of power was going into the saturated absorption spectroscopy setup. A function generator (Simpson 420) was connected to the tunable diode laser’ ...
Chapter 2 – Review of length measuring interferometers
... The field of heterodyne interferometry has been made accessible due to the very narrow linewidths of lasers which allows the observation of beats between two laser frequencies. The technique has resulted in a commercial design of interferometer (Hewlett-Packard 5528A) which can be used for distance ...
... The field of heterodyne interferometry has been made accessible due to the very narrow linewidths of lasers which allows the observation of beats between two laser frequencies. The technique has resulted in a commercial design of interferometer (Hewlett-Packard 5528A) which can be used for distance ...
Optical Fourier techniques for medical image processing and phase
... bR is shown in Fig. 5a. In its stable B state, upon the absorption of a photon within the broad absorption with a maximum at 570 nm, the bR molecule goes through a photochemical cycle of several short lived intermediate states J, K, L and then to the long-lived M state with an absorption peak at 412 ...
... bR is shown in Fig. 5a. In its stable B state, upon the absorption of a photon within the broad absorption with a maximum at 570 nm, the bR molecule goes through a photochemical cycle of several short lived intermediate states J, K, L and then to the long-lived M state with an absorption peak at 412 ...
Course: Physics 1 Module 3: Optics and Wave Phenomena
... • Simply stated, a wave is a way in which energy is transferred from place to place without physical movement of material from one location to another. In wave motion, the energy is carried by a disturbance of some sort. This disturbance, whatever its nature, occurs in a distinctive repeating patter ...
... • Simply stated, a wave is a way in which energy is transferred from place to place without physical movement of material from one location to another. In wave motion, the energy is carried by a disturbance of some sort. This disturbance, whatever its nature, occurs in a distinctive repeating patter ...
502-22 Illumination Systems
... In many applications the image quality of diffuse illumination is required, but the throughput of specular illumination is needed. A larger light bulb is not always an option (A major rule of optical engineering is that there is never enough light!!). The system should be designed as specular illumi ...
... In many applications the image quality of diffuse illumination is required, but the throughput of specular illumination is needed. A larger light bulb is not always an option (A major rule of optical engineering is that there is never enough light!!). The system should be designed as specular illumi ...
Structure of Optical Vortices
... light form toroidal optical traps known as optical vortices [4–6]. Their ability to trap and apply torques to small volumes of matter presents novel opportunities for scientific research and technological applications. For example, optical vortices should be ideal replacements for electrostatic and ...
... light form toroidal optical traps known as optical vortices [4–6]. Their ability to trap and apply torques to small volumes of matter presents novel opportunities for scientific research and technological applications. For example, optical vortices should be ideal replacements for electrostatic and ...
Experimental demonstration of a narrowband, angular tolerant
... to reach experimentally a 0.1 nm bandpass [1]. The phenomenon underlying the resonant grating filter is the excitation, thanks to the periodic structuration, of a guided mode of the thin layers stack, which generates resonant peaks in the spectral reflectivity of the device. The peak linewidth decre ...
... to reach experimentally a 0.1 nm bandpass [1]. The phenomenon underlying the resonant grating filter is the excitation, thanks to the periodic structuration, of a guided mode of the thin layers stack, which generates resonant peaks in the spectral reflectivity of the device. The peak linewidth decre ...
Understanding Laser Beam Parameters Leads to Better System
... a divergence half-angle, and further depends on the definition of the beam radius (or, diameter). Sometimes, full angles are used which results in twice as high angles. Therefore, some caution seems to be appropriate when it comes to a laser’s divergence specification. Beams with a very small diverg ...
... a divergence half-angle, and further depends on the definition of the beam radius (or, diameter). Sometimes, full angles are used which results in twice as high angles. Therefore, some caution seems to be appropriate when it comes to a laser’s divergence specification. Beams with a very small diverg ...
Holography
Holography is the science and practice of making holograms. Typically, a hologram is a photographic recording of a light field, rather than of an image formed by a lens, and it is used to display a fully three-dimensional image of the holographed subject, which is seen without the aid of special glasses or other intermediate optics. The hologram itself is not an image and it is usually unintelligible when viewed under diffuse ambient light. It is an encoding of the light field as an interference pattern of seemingly random variations in the opacity, density, or surface profile of the photographic medium. When suitably lit, the interference pattern diffracts the light into a reproduction of the original light field and the objects that were in it appear to still be there, exhibiting visual depth cues such as parallax and perspective that change realistically with any change in the relative position of the observer.In its pure form, holography requires the use of laser light for illuminating the subject and for viewing the finished hologram. In a side-by-side comparison under optimal conditions, a holographic image is visually indistinguishable from the actual subject, if the hologram and the subject are lit just as they were at the time of recording. A microscopic level of detail throughout the recorded volume of space can be reproduced. In common practice, however, major image quality compromises are made to eliminate the need for laser illumination when viewing the hologram, and sometimes, to the extent possible, also when making it. Holographic portraiture often resorts to a non-holographic intermediate imaging procedure, to avoid the hazardous high-powered pulsed lasers otherwise needed to optically ""freeze"" living subjects as perfectly as the extremely motion-intolerant holographic recording process requires. Holograms can now also be entirely computer-generated and show objects or scenes that never existed.Holography should not be confused with lenticular and other earlier autostereoscopic 3D display technologies, which can produce superficially similar results but are based on conventional lens imaging. Stage illusions such as Pepper's Ghost and other unusual, baffling, or seemingly magical images are also often incorrectly called holograms.