Ecosystem engineering, experiment, and evolution
... clearly delimited but broad concept, ecosystem engineering, that is less subject to many of the ‘‘it encompasses too much’’ criticisms that philosophers have directed at the concept of niche construction. The limitations placed on the idea of ecosystem engineering point the way to a more useful defi ...
... clearly delimited but broad concept, ecosystem engineering, that is less subject to many of the ‘‘it encompasses too much’’ criticisms that philosophers have directed at the concept of niche construction. The limitations placed on the idea of ecosystem engineering point the way to a more useful defi ...
The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic
... conservatism because traits within clades are less variable than traits among clades. However, conservatism of traits deeper in the phylogeny may diminish due to homoplasy, particularly if lineages in different geographical regions have converged towards similar trait values as a result of similar s ...
... conservatism because traits within clades are less variable than traits among clades. However, conservatism of traits deeper in the phylogeny may diminish due to homoplasy, particularly if lineages in different geographical regions have converged towards similar trait values as a result of similar s ...
The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology
... phylogenetic clustering of species in communities varies as more of the tree of life is encompassed in an analysis. Ecologically relevant traits may be labile towards the tips of the phylogeny (less inclusive phylogenetic scale) because close relatives often have divergent or labile traits as a resu ...
... phylogenetic clustering of species in communities varies as more of the tree of life is encompassed in an analysis. Ecologically relevant traits may be labile towards the tips of the phylogeny (less inclusive phylogenetic scale) because close relatives often have divergent or labile traits as a resu ...
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... or closed habitats depending on the hunting strategy of their main predators (cursorial versus ambush) and their own escape tactics [38,39]. In human-dominated landscapes, habitat openness is primarily determined by activities such as agriculture, forestry and urban activities. Recently emerging stu ...
... or closed habitats depending on the hunting strategy of their main predators (cursorial versus ambush) and their own escape tactics [38,39]. In human-dominated landscapes, habitat openness is primarily determined by activities such as agriculture, forestry and urban activities. Recently emerging stu ...
DENSITY-DEPENDENT PREDATION, HABITAT VARIATION, AND
... prey density, and habitat type; however, the collective impact of these factors has rarely been tested experimentally in natural marine systems. Using the thin-shelled clams Mya arenaria and Macoma balthica as prey, and the main epibenthic predator of whole adult clams, the blue crab Callinectes sap ...
... prey density, and habitat type; however, the collective impact of these factors has rarely been tested experimentally in natural marine systems. Using the thin-shelled clams Mya arenaria and Macoma balthica as prey, and the main epibenthic predator of whole adult clams, the blue crab Callinectes sap ...
Ecological opportunity and the adaptive
... of empty and varied niches, underutilized resources, and the implication that these conditions underlie development of new biological diversity. These treatments also embraced the insight that ecological opportunity is prospective, as its name implies, and therefore may exist in a community even if ...
... of empty and varied niches, underutilized resources, and the implication that these conditions underlie development of new biological diversity. These treatments also embraced the insight that ecological opportunity is prospective, as its name implies, and therefore may exist in a community even if ...
Resilience of Microbial Systems Towards Disturbances - UvA-DARE
... not be explained just by a mere taxonomic diversity, and ecosystem function and stability are more directly related to functional diversity (Hulot et al. 2000; McCann 2000). The observation that higher diversity does not necessarily increase the functional stability of an ecosystem gave rise to the ...
... not be explained just by a mere taxonomic diversity, and ecosystem function and stability are more directly related to functional diversity (Hulot et al. 2000; McCann 2000). The observation that higher diversity does not necessarily increase the functional stability of an ecosystem gave rise to the ...
Integrative and Comparative Biology
... to anthropogenic influences, allowing for more tailored management strategies for the protection of species (Cooke et al. 2013). In particular, studies of gradients have the potential to help determine whether there are specific environmental changes that may be more detrimental than others for spec ...
... to anthropogenic influences, allowing for more tailored management strategies for the protection of species (Cooke et al. 2013). In particular, studies of gradients have the potential to help determine whether there are specific environmental changes that may be more detrimental than others for spec ...
Food chain length and omnivory determine the stability of a marine
... Marine food webs are currently experiencing structural changes as a result of invasions of exotic species (Byrnes, Reynolds & Stachowicz 2007) and harvesting of higher trophic levels (Pauly et al. 1998; Jackson et al. 2001; Duffy 2003). Additionally, even though omnivory tends to be more prevalent i ...
... Marine food webs are currently experiencing structural changes as a result of invasions of exotic species (Byrnes, Reynolds & Stachowicz 2007) and harvesting of higher trophic levels (Pauly et al. 1998; Jackson et al. 2001; Duffy 2003). Additionally, even though omnivory tends to be more prevalent i ...
Ecology and Evolution 5(1)
... of empty and varied niches, underutilized resources, and the implication that these conditions underlie development of new biological diversity. These treatments also embraced the insight that ecological opportunity is prospective, as its name implies, and therefore may exist in a community even if ...
... of empty and varied niches, underutilized resources, and the implication that these conditions underlie development of new biological diversity. These treatments also embraced the insight that ecological opportunity is prospective, as its name implies, and therefore may exist in a community even if ...
Habitat complexity: approaches and future directions
... important factors structuring biotic assemblages, yet we still lack basic understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Although it is one of the primary targets in conservation management, no methods are available for comparing complexity across ecosystems, and system-specific qualitative assessment ...
... important factors structuring biotic assemblages, yet we still lack basic understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Although it is one of the primary targets in conservation management, no methods are available for comparing complexity across ecosystems, and system-specific qualitative assessment ...
Habitat Fragmentation – In Theory
... habitat degradation, but also in fragmentation of the remaining habitat. A focal point for the research of many landscape ecologists is on the effects of habitat fragmentation to the individuals, populations, and ecosystems experiencing this phenomenon. Habitat fragmentation can be defined as a proc ...
... habitat degradation, but also in fragmentation of the remaining habitat. A focal point for the research of many landscape ecologists is on the effects of habitat fragmentation to the individuals, populations, and ecosystems experiencing this phenomenon. Habitat fragmentation can be defined as a proc ...
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... The lack of data regarding the population exposed, exposure rates, length of exposure and patterns of exposure made it very difficult to assess the risk to the overall population from leisure noise. The mean or median noise levels in clubs are very probably in the 95-98 dB(A) region giving in ...
... The lack of data regarding the population exposed, exposure rates, length of exposure and patterns of exposure made it very difficult to assess the risk to the overall population from leisure noise. The mean or median noise levels in clubs are very probably in the 95-98 dB(A) region giving in ...
Developing an ellipsoidal reflector for measuring otoacoustic
... Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are faint sounds emanating from the ear. The level of these sounds is usually too low to be heard, but they can be measured with a sensitive microphone and techniques designed for the purpose. OAEs can be evoked with a sound stimulus but they can be present also without ...
... Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are faint sounds emanating from the ear. The level of these sounds is usually too low to be heard, but they can be measured with a sensitive microphone and techniques designed for the purpose. OAEs can be evoked with a sound stimulus but they can be present also without ...
Establishment of a self-propagating population of the African malaria
... mesocosm, situated within the natural environment of the target vector population and exposed to similar climatic conditions, within which all natural dietary and habitat resources for their life-cycle completion are present [16,17]. The movement of insect vectors into or out of the SFS is typically ...
... mesocosm, situated within the natural environment of the target vector population and exposed to similar climatic conditions, within which all natural dietary and habitat resources for their life-cycle completion are present [16,17]. The movement of insect vectors into or out of the SFS is typically ...
Understanding mutualism when there is adaptation to the partner
... to capture a host for its own transmission benefit, while leaving the host with no other means of reproduction. These cases are clear examples of obligate proximate mutualisms, where the main benefits for the host come from evolved dependence. We suggest that these interactions are unlikely to be ul ...
... to capture a host for its own transmission benefit, while leaving the host with no other means of reproduction. These cases are clear examples of obligate proximate mutualisms, where the main benefits for the host come from evolved dependence. We suggest that these interactions are unlikely to be ul ...
Some Basic Principles of Habitat Use
... median (i.e., based on resources available for reproduction), to high (i.e., based on resources available for population persistence). Habitat quality should be linked with demographics, not vegetative features, if it is to be a useful measure. For example, Ables and Ables (1987) evaluated habitat q ...
... median (i.e., based on resources available for reproduction), to high (i.e., based on resources available for population persistence). Habitat quality should be linked with demographics, not vegetative features, if it is to be a useful measure. For example, Ables and Ables (1987) evaluated habitat q ...
Understanding mutualism when there is adaptation to
... to capture a host for its own transmission benefit, while leaving the host with no other means of reproduction. These cases are clear examples of obligate proximate mutualisms, where the main benefits for the host come from evolved dependence. We suggest that these interactions are unlikely to be ul ...
... to capture a host for its own transmission benefit, while leaving the host with no other means of reproduction. These cases are clear examples of obligate proximate mutualisms, where the main benefits for the host come from evolved dependence. We suggest that these interactions are unlikely to be ul ...
Human Auditory Development
... pathway may lead to immaturity of frequency, intensity or temporal resolution. Further, we must recognize that maturation of fundamentally auditory processes, such as sound source determination, may limit basic auditory sensitivities. Finally, immaturity of socalled higher level processes, such as a ...
... pathway may lead to immaturity of frequency, intensity or temporal resolution. Further, we must recognize that maturation of fundamentally auditory processes, such as sound source determination, may limit basic auditory sensitivities. Finally, immaturity of socalled higher level processes, such as a ...
Estimating resource acquisition and at‐sea body condition of a
... condition changes at fine spatial and temporal scales as a result of interaction with the environment provides necessary information about how animals acquire resources. 2. However, comparatively little is known about intra- and interindividual variation of condition in marine systems. Where conditi ...
... condition changes at fine spatial and temporal scales as a result of interaction with the environment provides necessary information about how animals acquire resources. 2. However, comparatively little is known about intra- and interindividual variation of condition in marine systems. Where conditi ...
Habitat–performance relationships: finding the right metric at a given
... individual or species chooses habitat resources or conditions to meet its life-history needs. Habitat use therefore can be directly described from observations of how the animal interacts with habitat features, or it can be inferred from association of habitat features with the presence of individua ...
... individual or species chooses habitat resources or conditions to meet its life-history needs. Habitat use therefore can be directly described from observations of how the animal interacts with habitat features, or it can be inferred from association of habitat features with the presence of individua ...
Limiting resources and the regulation of diversity in phytoplankton
... interactions between individual phytoplankton cells or colonies are weak (Siegal 1998). Considering all of these factors, we attempted to see if limiting resources are able to regulate diversity even under dynamic conditions where one might expect disturbance and other forces to overwhelm the limiti ...
... interactions between individual phytoplankton cells or colonies are weak (Siegal 1998). Considering all of these factors, we attempted to see if limiting resources are able to regulate diversity even under dynamic conditions where one might expect disturbance and other forces to overwhelm the limiti ...
The effects of landscape fragmentation on
... opportunity to generate landscape configurations that do not typically occur as part of the normal trajectory of human disturbance, but that are potentially beneficial to the conservation of biodiversity and/or ecosystem services. Our first objective is to determine the degree to which the fragmenta ...
... opportunity to generate landscape configurations that do not typically occur as part of the normal trajectory of human disturbance, but that are potentially beneficial to the conservation of biodiversity and/or ecosystem services. Our first objective is to determine the degree to which the fragmenta ...
Parallel ecological networks in ecosystems Olff, Han
... interactions, predator–prey interactions have received most attention. The resulting food webs, however, will always operate simultaneously with networks based on other types of ecological interaction, such as through the activities of ecosystem engineers or mutualistic interactions. Little is known ...
... interactions, predator–prey interactions have received most attention. The resulting food webs, however, will always operate simultaneously with networks based on other types of ecological interaction, such as through the activities of ecosystem engineers or mutualistic interactions. Little is known ...
The functional approach to agricultural landscape analysis. The
... The larger the patch, the larger interior habitat for living flora and fauna species. Minimum patch area requirements for species depends on: species, quality of habitat, and landscape context. Corridor – linear element, a network of linear elements, which usually connect patches. Connectivity is th ...
... The larger the patch, the larger interior habitat for living flora and fauna species. Minimum patch area requirements for species depends on: species, quality of habitat, and landscape context. Corridor – linear element, a network of linear elements, which usually connect patches. Connectivity is th ...
Soundscape ecology
Soundscape ecology is the study of sound within a landscape and its effect on organisms. Sounds may be generated by organisms (biophony), by the physical environment (geophony), or by humans (anthrophony). Soundscape ecologists seek to understand how these different sound sources interact across spatial scales and through time. Variation in soundscapes may have wide-ranging ecological effects as organisms often obtain information from environmental sounds. Soundscape ecologists use recording devices, audio tools, and elements of traditional ecological analyses to study soundscape structure. Increasingly, anthrophony, sometimes referred to in older, more archaic terminology as anthropogenic noise dominates soundscapes, and this type of noise pollution or disturbance has a negative impact on a wide range of organisms. The preservation of natural soundscapes is now a recognized conservation goal.