Visible Wavelength Fiber Bragg Grating Arrays for
... Fast multispectral confocal mapping has great promise for imaging cancer at the cellular level [1]. Biomedical researchers have shown that laser induced autofluorescence at 500 to 800 nm can detect cancer in unstained tissue [2]. Existing technologies have not combined sufficient spatial, spectral, ...
... Fast multispectral confocal mapping has great promise for imaging cancer at the cellular level [1]. Biomedical researchers have shown that laser induced autofluorescence at 500 to 800 nm can detect cancer in unstained tissue [2]. Existing technologies have not combined sufficient spatial, spectral, ...
High-precision, high-accuracy ultralong-range swept
... >gigahertz sampling rates. However, current commercially available cards cannot be optical clocked at much greater than 500 MHz, which limits ultralong-range OCT imaging. Therefore, fixed-frequency gigahertz sampling with sweep recalibration must be used [7]. In this Letter, we demonstrate high-spee ...
... >gigahertz sampling rates. However, current commercially available cards cannot be optical clocked at much greater than 500 MHz, which limits ultralong-range OCT imaging. Therefore, fixed-frequency gigahertz sampling with sweep recalibration must be used [7]. In this Letter, we demonstrate high-spee ...
Confocal microscopy with a volume holographic filter
... trench. The image of the trench corresponds to the dark region in Fig. 4, because the bottom of the trench is out of focus. We sampled only five planes along ŷ and one along ẑ to minimize inaccuracies that were due to the backlash of the translation stage and the decay of the hologram. A dense thr ...
... trench. The image of the trench corresponds to the dark region in Fig. 4, because the bottom of the trench is out of focus. We sampled only five planes along ŷ and one along ẑ to minimize inaccuracies that were due to the backlash of the translation stage and the decay of the hologram. A dense thr ...
CHAPTER 1 PHYSICAL OPTICS: INTERFERENCE • Introduction
... wavelength of light and dimensions of the system are of a comparable order of magnitude, when the simple ray approximation of geometric optics is not valid. So, it is intermediate between geometric optics, which ignores wave effects, and full wave electromagnetism, which is a ...
... wavelength of light and dimensions of the system are of a comparable order of magnitude, when the simple ray approximation of geometric optics is not valid. So, it is intermediate between geometric optics, which ignores wave effects, and full wave electromagnetism, which is a ...
Particle properties of Light solutions 2016
... Einstein suggested that light was not a continuous wave, but instead travels in discrete packets or QUANTA. All light of a certain frequency comes in packets that have the same amount of energy. These quanta of light energy are called photons. Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect was t ...
... Einstein suggested that light was not a continuous wave, but instead travels in discrete packets or QUANTA. All light of a certain frequency comes in packets that have the same amount of energy. These quanta of light energy are called photons. Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect was t ...
Plane-wave scattering by a dielectric circular cylinder
... stability with respect to the input data are obtained. These characteristics make the technique attractive for a wide range of applications. In this paper we intend to generalize the aforementioned approach to the case of a dielectric cylinder, characterized by a refractive index n c , which can als ...
... stability with respect to the input data are obtained. These characteristics make the technique attractive for a wide range of applications. In this paper we intend to generalize the aforementioned approach to the case of a dielectric cylinder, characterized by a refractive index n c , which can als ...
Tutor 4
... pitch will put one of the first diffraction orders at the edge of the objective lens, as before. But now, the distance between the zero order and the first order is not the numerical aperture (the radius of the lens) but twice the numerical aperture (the diameter of the lens). Thus, the resolution i ...
... pitch will put one of the first diffraction orders at the edge of the objective lens, as before. But now, the distance between the zero order and the first order is not the numerical aperture (the radius of the lens) but twice the numerical aperture (the diameter of the lens). Thus, the resolution i ...
Second-harmonic generation
... From the above expression it is immediately clear that the non-linear polarization contains a component that radiates at twice the frequency of the input light. The second order polarization also contains a component at frequency zero, an effect known as optical rectification. In the remaining we wi ...
... From the above expression it is immediately clear that the non-linear polarization contains a component that radiates at twice the frequency of the input light. The second order polarization also contains a component at frequency zero, an effect known as optical rectification. In the remaining we wi ...
Imaging Spatial-Helical Mode Interference of Single Photons
... an expanded role for imaging, where the information is encoded in a quantum mechanical way, which may involve more than one particle (photon), and which go beyond the classical forms studied until now. As a first step toward this goal, in this study we report on the interference of orbital modes at ...
... an expanded role for imaging, where the information is encoded in a quantum mechanical way, which may involve more than one particle (photon), and which go beyond the classical forms studied until now. As a first step toward this goal, in this study we report on the interference of orbital modes at ...
Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction
... line indicates the first-order dipolar resonance of the antenna. (B) A V-antenna supports symmetric and antisymmetric modes, which are excited, respectively, by components of the incident field along ŝ and â axes. The angle between the incident polarization and the antenna symmetry axis is 45°. The ...
... line indicates the first-order dipolar resonance of the antenna. (B) A V-antenna supports symmetric and antisymmetric modes, which are excited, respectively, by components of the incident field along ŝ and â axes. The angle between the incident polarization and the antenna symmetry axis is 45°. The ...
Visualization of optical deflection and switching operations by a
... obtained by means of an electric-field poling process. When an external electric field is applied to this boundary, equal magnitude refractive-index changes of opposite sign will occur between the adjacent domain regions. In this way, the normal electro-optic-induced refractiveindex change is double ...
... obtained by means of an electric-field poling process. When an external electric field is applied to this boundary, equal magnitude refractive-index changes of opposite sign will occur between the adjacent domain regions. In this way, the normal electro-optic-induced refractiveindex change is double ...
Effect of the refractive index change kinetics of
... the appearance of a larger and larger saturation effect. One can see that the longer the development time (smaller the k in Fig. 3), the larger the difference between the modeled diffraction efficiency and the one predicted by the Kogelnik theory for sinusoidal gratings. Moreover, it is seen that wh ...
... the appearance of a larger and larger saturation effect. One can see that the longer the development time (smaller the k in Fig. 3), the larger the difference between the modeled diffraction efficiency and the one predicted by the Kogelnik theory for sinusoidal gratings. Moreover, it is seen that wh ...
Characterization of Thin Films (2)
... spectral data for a single layer coating. In the previous article we also demonstrated that there was a very good correlation between the calculated optical properties and the design properties where the films were homogeneous and the precision of the data was very good, out to five decimal places. ...
... spectral data for a single layer coating. In the previous article we also demonstrated that there was a very good correlation between the calculated optical properties and the design properties where the films were homogeneous and the precision of the data was very good, out to five decimal places. ...
John Kerr and his effects found in 1877 and 1878
... a light source (‘‘a paraffin-flame, narrow and very bright . . .’’) and two Nicols3, one of which was placed between the light source and the magnet, the other one between the magnet and the observer. Since he put an iron wedge very close to the top of the magnet, he only had to observe the slit bet ...
... a light source (‘‘a paraffin-flame, narrow and very bright . . .’’) and two Nicols3, one of which was placed between the light source and the magnet, the other one between the magnet and the observer. Since he put an iron wedge very close to the top of the magnet, he only had to observe the slit bet ...
Principles of Spectroscopy
... Limitations of the Beer-Lambert law The linearity of the Beer-Lambert law is limited by chemical and instrumental factors. Causes of nonlinearity include: • deviations in absorptivity coefficients at high concentrations (>0.01M) due to electrostatic interactions between molecules in close proximity ...
... Limitations of the Beer-Lambert law The linearity of the Beer-Lambert law is limited by chemical and instrumental factors. Causes of nonlinearity include: • deviations in absorptivity coefficients at high concentrations (>0.01M) due to electrostatic interactions between molecules in close proximity ...
Mirrors form images by reflecting light.
... imaginary line perpendicular to the surface of the mirror. This angle is called the angle of incidence. The angle at which the rays reflect off the mirror, called the angle of reflection, is also 60° as measured from the normal. The example illustrates the law of reflection, which states that the an ...
... imaginary line perpendicular to the surface of the mirror. This angle is called the angle of incidence. The angle at which the rays reflect off the mirror, called the angle of reflection, is also 60° as measured from the normal. The example illustrates the law of reflection, which states that the an ...
Observation of PT -Symmetry Breaking in Complex Optical
... tegrating an antisymmetric gain and loss profile on an even index distribution [12]. As in quantum mechanics, the optical eigenmodes ¼ ðxÞ expði"zÞ associated with these potentials can be obtained from the stationary ^ ¼ ", where the mode propaSchrödinger problem H gation constant is given b ...
... tegrating an antisymmetric gain and loss profile on an even index distribution [12]. As in quantum mechanics, the optical eigenmodes ¼ ðxÞ expði"zÞ associated with these potentials can be obtained from the stationary ^ ¼ ", where the mode propaSchrödinger problem H gation constant is given b ...
Effective Wavelength Scaling for Optical Antennas
... objective of this Letter to explain and understand this phenomenon. Traditional antenna design makes use of structures with characteristic lengths L that are directly related to the wavelength of the incoming (or outgoing) radiation, i.e., L const , where const is an antenna-design constant. ...
... objective of this Letter to explain and understand this phenomenon. Traditional antenna design makes use of structures with characteristic lengths L that are directly related to the wavelength of the incoming (or outgoing) radiation, i.e., L const , where const is an antenna-design constant. ...
Scattering and Polarization Properties of the Scarab Beetle Cyphochilus insulanus cuticle
... could be divided into a specular and a diffuse component, which also is done here. Light diffusely reflected from a rough surface is scattered in several directions, whereas specularly reflected light from a smooth surface, like a mirror, is reflected with the same angle as the angle of incidence. A ...
... could be divided into a specular and a diffuse component, which also is done here. Light diffusely reflected from a rough surface is scattered in several directions, whereas specularly reflected light from a smooth surface, like a mirror, is reflected with the same angle as the angle of incidence. A ...
Technical Information on Optics
... The distance of the paraxial focus from the last vertex of an optical system (the distance from the last surface of a lens or lens system to its image plane). Unlike the effective focal length, the back focal length can be measured directly. Birefringence In optical anisotropic crystals, the index o ...
... The distance of the paraxial focus from the last vertex of an optical system (the distance from the last surface of a lens or lens system to its image plane). Unlike the effective focal length, the back focal length can be measured directly. Birefringence In optical anisotropic crystals, the index o ...
Optical Fibers in Communication
... several advantages for specific systems. The larger core diameters result in easier splicing of fibers. Given the larger cores, higher numerical apertures, and typically shorter link distances, multimode systems can use less expensive light sources such as LED s . Multimode fibers have numerical ape ...
... several advantages for specific systems. The larger core diameters result in easier splicing of fibers. Given the larger cores, higher numerical apertures, and typically shorter link distances, multimode systems can use less expensive light sources such as LED s . Multimode fibers have numerical ape ...
Calculation of image position, size and orientation using first order
... Prisms with entrance and exit faces normal to the optical axis can be used in converging or diverging light. They will, however, introduce the same aberrations as an equivalent thickness plane parallel plate. Spherical aberration and longitudinal chromatic aberration are introduced into an on-axis b ...
... Prisms with entrance and exit faces normal to the optical axis can be used in converging or diverging light. They will, however, introduce the same aberrations as an equivalent thickness plane parallel plate. Spherical aberration and longitudinal chromatic aberration are introduced into an on-axis b ...
Surface plasmon resonance microscopy
Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy (SPRM) is a label free analytical tool that combines the surface plasmon resonance of metallic surfaces with imaging of the metallic surface.The heterogeneity of the refractive index of the metallic surface imparts high contrast images, caused by the shift in the resonance angle.SPRM can achieve a thickness sensitivity of few tenths of nanometer and lateral resolution achieves values of micrometer scale.SPRM is used to characterize surfaces, self-assembled monolayers, multilayer films, metal nanoparticles, oligonucleotides arrays, binding and reduction reactions.Surface Plasmon polaritons are surface electromagnetic waves coupled to oscillating free electrons of a metallic surface that propagate along a metal/dielectric interface.Since polaritons are highly sensitive to small changes in the refractive index of the metallic material,it can be used as a biosensing tool that does not require labeling. SPRM measurements can be made in real-time.Wang and collaborators studied the binding kinetics of membrane proteins in single cells.The experimental setup of an SPRM can be seen in the Figure 1, where an adherent cell is grown on a gold film and placed in an inverted microscope, p-polarized light was used to create the surface plasmons on the gold film and a CCD camera was used to create the SPR image.