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Chemistry 106: General Chemistry
Chemistry 106: General Chemistry

... II. The first ionization energy of an atom generally increases moving left to right across a period because the effective nuclear charge, Zeff, increases in that direction. III. An atom of Phosphorus (P), releases more energy (becomes more stable) when it adds an electron (i.e. has a more negative e ...
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Low-energy electron diffraction



Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for the determination of the surface structure of single-crystalline materials by bombardment with a collimated beam of low energy electrons (20–200 eV) and observation of diffracted electrons as spots on a fluorescent screen.LEED may be used in one of two ways: Qualitatively, where the diffraction pattern is recorded and analysis of the spot positions gives information on the symmetry of the surface structure. In the presence of an adsorbate the qualitative analysis may reveal information about the size and rotational alignment of the adsorbate unit cell with respect to the substrate unit cell. Quantitatively, where the intensities of diffracted beams are recorded as a function of incident electron beam energy to generate the so-called I-V curves. By comparison with theoretical curves, these may provide accurate information on atomic positions on the surface at hand.↑
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