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Cholesterol, steroids, and related molecules
Cholesterol, steroids, and related molecules

... LDL receptor. This regulation is mediated by the transcription factor, SREBP (sterol response element binding protein). SREBP is produced as a membrane-bound protein attached to the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell via a second protein, SCAP. In cholesterol-starved cells SREBP:SCAP is transported ...
Cholesterol a jeho transport
Cholesterol a jeho transport

... enzymes that can attack and alter the bile salts 6. Most of the bile acids are reabsorbed from the intestine and, following transport to the liver, returned once again into the bile (enterohepatic ...
Cholesterol a jeho transport
Cholesterol a jeho transport

... enzymes that can attack and alter the bile salts 6. Most of the bile acids are reabsorbed from the intestine and, following transport to the liver, returned once again into the bile (enterohepatic ...
Cholesterol and its transport
Cholesterol and its transport

... enzymes that can attack and alter the bile salts 6. Most of the bile acids are reabsorbed from the intestine and, following transport to the liver, returned once again into the bile (enterohepatic ...
456 presentation
456 presentation

... Protein ,amino acids ,minerals, vitamins, trace element ,lipid and prostaglandins ...
02 Cholesterol Metabolism2012-03-18 01:50617 KB
02 Cholesterol Metabolism2012-03-18 01:50617 KB

... Cholesterol synthesis • Synthesized in all tissues • Major sites for synthesis: liver, adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries and intestine • All carbon atoms are derived from acetyl CoA • Enzymes involved in biosynthesis are partly located in ER and partly in cytoplasm ...
statins i
statins i

... MofA: PPAR-α* rec. agonists – inhibit liver VLDL production and↑ VLDL katabolism (↑ LPL activity)   circulating VLDL (TG) up to 35 % →  total and LDL-cholesterol  mild  HDL (decrease TAG releases the HDL binding capacity for ...
Introduction
Introduction

... Phytoestrogens are compounds found in plants and have weak estrogenic activity by binding to estrogen receptor and initiating some estrogen-dependent transcription. Phytoestrogens have been claimed to have benefits for heart, bone, breast, and general menopausal health. There is some evidence to sug ...
Otto Diels - Nobel Lecture
Otto Diels - Nobel Lecture

... everywhere, it was only natural that, like a great many chemists throughout the world, I should have attempted to explain the structure of this hydrocarbon C 18 H 16 , which was obviously the aromatic basic skeleton of cholesterol. Strangely enough, however, the task was by no means easy, despite th ...
1. Sources of cholesterol • diet ~ 30 % • biosynthesis ~ 70% 2. Types
1. Sources of cholesterol • diet ~ 30 % • biosynthesis ~ 70% 2. Types

... Protein) is trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum when cell free cholesterol is high because the protease needed to cleave the pre-portion is inhibited. • When the free cholesterol falls, the protease is active and the pre- SREBP-1 is cleaved to liberate a fragment SREBP-1 that enters the nucleus. Th ...
Antihyperlipoproteinemic Drugs
Antihyperlipoproteinemic Drugs

... - Inhibits HMG CoA Reductase, which is necessary for cholesterol synthesis. So, intracellular cholesterol goes down. As a result, LDL receptors goes up and uptake of circulating LDL by cell goes up lowering plasma cholesterol - HDL may go up in some pt. - Small decrease in TAG - Macrophages ingest o ...
New views of enzyme structures offer insights into metabolism of
New views of enzyme structures offer insights into metabolism of

... A2, which is known as LPLA2, and a lowerresolution image of the structure of lecithincholesterol acyltransferase, which is known as LCAT. The enzymes share many structural similarities but perform different functions within the body. Being able to see the structures for the first time gives scientis ...
Lecture 2 - cholesterol _CVS block
Lecture 2 - cholesterol _CVS block

... Most important animal steroid Mainitains membrane fluidity Has an insulating effect on nerve fibres Cholesterol is the parent molecule for – Bile acids and bile salts – Steroid hormones and – vitamin D3 ...
File - Wk 1-2
File - Wk 1-2

... VLDLs bind to the same membrane bound lipoprotein lipases (LPLs) located on adipose and muscle tissues where the triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed into fatty acids. The fatty acids are transported into the adipose cell where they are once again resynthesized into triacylglycerols and stored. In the mu ...
CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS

... recently used. E.g. Lovastatin and Simvostatin. „ Nicotinic acid inhibits lipolysis and also lowers plasma ...
Cholesterol
Cholesterol

... Acetyl coA can form any fatty acid except for the essential FA ...
Biochemistry Lect 4 – N.42 – Lipid metabolism
Biochemistry Lect 4 – N.42 – Lipid metabolism

... Sources of fatty acids (a) Dietary sourcesFatty acids formed from the digestion of dietary lipids are carried to liver. From the liver, they are transported to cell in bound form with albumin. (b) Endogenous sources As mentioned above, free fatty acids formed from body TG are used for energy product ...
Lecture 3
Lecture 3

... •! Leading cause of death •! High levels of cholesterol increase the chances of developing these types of disease •! These diseases are more prevalent as people age, one reason is that the rate at which cholesterol is metabolized, decreases with age •! Females have lower levels of cholesterol ...
Cholesterol and Lipid T Port
Cholesterol and Lipid T Port

... Uncontrolled  Type  1  Diabetes  (IDDM)    often   have  very  high  fats  (FF  &  apoproteins)  in  part   due  to  decreased  LPL  activity.    -­  LPL  is  activated  by  insulin  signaling.        -­  Insulin  increases  TAG  production  in  liver  and  transport  to  adipose  and  inhibits  a ...
Biomedical Importance of Lipids
Biomedical Importance of Lipids

... • Oligosaccharide present on outer membrane for receptor of GP hormones • Gangliosides present in brain & liver • TAY SACH’s disease occur B/o deposition of gangliosides in brain (hexoseaminidase) ...
Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
Drugs for Hyperlipidemia

... Milder forms of hyperlipidemia Influence of several genes Excessive of dietary intake More common than primary form Responsible for most cases of accelerated atherosclerosis ...
Document
Document

... most of it is exported in one of three forms: biliary cholesterol, bile acids, or cholesteryl esters.  Bile acids and their salts are relatively hydrophillic cholesterol derivatives that are synthesized in the liver and aid in the lipid digestion.  Cholesteryl esters are formed in the liver throug ...
Pharmacology 13a – Atherosclerosis and Lipid Metabolism
Pharmacology 13a – Atherosclerosis and Lipid Metabolism

... transported in plasma in the core of particles (lioproteins) that have a hydrophilic shell of phospholipids and free cholesterol  2/3 of plasma lipoproteins are synthesised in the liver  Triglycerides are secreted into the blood as VLDL  In muscle and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase hydrolyses ...
Cholesterol and Heart Disease
Cholesterol and Heart Disease

... the control mechanisms that normally regulate cholesterol biosynthesis. • In 1974, Brown and Goldstein demonstrated that the lesion in FH cells is a defect in LDL binding to a receptor on the surface. ...
DRUGS for DYSLIPIDEMIAS MED PHARM
DRUGS for DYSLIPIDEMIAS MED PHARM

... Membrane structure Precursor of steroid hormones and vitamin D Esterification for storage Esterification for elimination Precursor to bile salts ...
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Cholesterol



Cholesterol, from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid) followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol, is an organic molecule. It is a sterol (or modified steroid), a lipid molecule and is biosynthesized by all animal cells because it is an essential structural component of all animal (not plant or bacterial) cell membranes that is required to maintain both membrane structural integrity and fluidity. Cholesterol enables animal cells to (a) not need a cell wall (like plants and bacteria) to protect membrane integrity/cell-viability, thus are able to (b) change shape and (c) move about (unlike bacteria and plant cells which are restricted by their cell walls).In addition to its importance within cells, cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D. Cholesterol is the principal sterol synthesized by animals. All kinds of cells in animals can produce it. In vertebrates the hepatic cells typically produce greater amounts than other cells. It is almost completely absent among prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), although there are some exceptions such as Mycoplasma, which require cholesterol for growth.François Poulletier de la Salle first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones in 1769. However, it was not until 1815 that chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul named the compound ""cholesterine"".
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