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A 23pW, 780ppm/°C Resistor-less Current Reference Using
A 23pW, 780ppm/°C Resistor-less Current Reference Using

C2175 Datasheet
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... output on the BD pin, during which time the voltage at FB is held at GND potential by current sourced from the FB pin. This enables the C2175 control circuit to compare the rectified mains input voltage with thresholds for allowing or preventing the next stage of power-up. If the input voltage is to ...
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... ND = 5 x 1019 cm-3 and b = 0.8 V, and the electron effective mass is 0.26m0, find the voltage drop across the contact when a forward current of 1 A flows through it. ...
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... yield 1nA, so we divide the applied voltage by 1000 (a 1 volt supply at "10 volts") to 10,000(a 10 volt supply at "10 volts"). You should adjust something here to fit your choice of circumstances. You can apply 10 volts as I marked and use a 0.0001 divider (100k and 1 ohm) or use a 9 volt battery an ...
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Current mirror

A current mirror is a circuit designed to copy a current through one active device by controlling the current in another active device of a circuit, keeping the output current constant regardless of loading. The current being 'copied' can be, and sometimes is, a varying signal current. Conceptually, an ideal current mirror is simply an ideal inverting current amplifier that reverses the current direction as well or it is a current-controlled current source (CCCS). The current mirror is used to provide bias currents and active loads to circuits. It can also be used to model a more realistic current source (since ideal current sources don't exist).The circuit topology covered here is one that appears in many monolithic ICs. It is a Widlar mirror without an emitter degeneration resistor in the follower (output) transistor. This topology can only be done in an IC as the matching has to be extremely close and cannot be achieved with discretes.Another topology is the Wilson mirror. The Wilson mirror solves the Early effect voltage problem in his design.
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