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- Granite River Labs
- Granite River Labs

... • VNA is a sine-wave generator with a source impedance of 50 Ohms. • Measure reflected wave S11 to estimate impedance • When power impedance is less than 1 ohm, VNA can not provide accurate results with one port measurement ...
Abstract - Stanford EE
Abstract - Stanford EE

... light, and ∆f the channel spacing. In (12), each fiber span is assumed to be much longer than the effective nonlinear distance and all FWM components are combined incoherently by ignoring the phase dependence between FWM components [8]. We model FWM as additive Gaussian noise occupying the same band ...
Lighting and Wiring Fundamentals
Lighting and Wiring Fundamentals

... – Bimetal strip: two metal strips with different expansion rates • Higher expansion metal will become longer and will break the switch contact • Contact is reestablished when it cools ...
DC Generator - UniMAP Portal
DC Generator - UniMAP Portal

... the speed of this motor when its input current is 100A the speed of this motor when its input current is 200A the speed of this motor when its input current is 300A. the induced torque of this motor for above conditions. ...
14-Bit, 500 kSPS PulSAR ADC in MSOP AD7946
14-Bit, 500 kSPS PulSAR ADC in MSOP AD7946

... the middle of each code to the true straight line (Figure 24). ...
Motor Starters
Motor Starters

how to solve kinematics problems
how to solve kinematics problems

... thermistor decrease, more voltage drop will be across resistor R and less across thermistor. So  to switch on cooling (we switching cooling on when temperature increase) voltage output must  be taken from resistor as it increases when temperature rise.  2. With decrease of temperature resistance of  ...
The Power of Cordless Mice
The Power of Cordless Mice

... There is a condition called memory effect that occurs when batteries are recharged prior to being rundown completely--the battery takes on a new memory level and requires recharging sooner. These are becoming obsolete as most manufacturers are divesting. NiCd will be banned by the European Union in ...
Evaluates: MAX11166 MAX11166 Evaluation System General Description Features
Evaluates: MAX11166 MAX11166 Evaluation System General Description Features

... allows different sample sizes, adjustable sampling rates, internal or external reference options, and graphing software that includes the following representations of the sampled signals: time domain, frequency domain, histogram, and single conversion. The EV system is made up of the MAXPRECADCMB mo ...
DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF POWER QUALITY
DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF POWER QUALITY

... type and to store only interesting disturbances. In this paper MWT is employed to capture the time of transient occurrence and extract frequency features of power disturbances. These MWT coefficients when applied as inputs to the neural networks require large memory space and much learning time. Hen ...
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Tomar Strobecom

Understanding Power Requirements in RS-232
Understanding Power Requirements in RS-232

CIRCUITS LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 1
CIRCUITS LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 1

... It follows that Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits provide a very important technique for analyzing complex circuits. In general, any two terminals of a linear network made up of sources (both independent and dependent) and resistors can be reduced to a Thevenin equivalent circuit with an equiv ...
Benchmarking MCU power consumption for
Benchmarking MCU power consumption for

... • Temperature – Temperature is often overlooked on low-power system designs, however modern ...
Distribution transformers
Distribution transformers

... at rated withstand voltage and nominal frequency). This test is also known as the “applied overvoltage test” and is intended to check the insulation of one winding from all other transformer components. >> Double voltage test (1 minute at double voltage and double frequency) induced via the low volt ...
ENT161LAB4 - UniMAP Portal
ENT161LAB4 - UniMAP Portal

... voltage drop, the same current flow and thus the same power dissipation. The Thevenin equivalent method can thus be used to reduce the complexity of a circuit and make it much easier to analyze. A Norton equivalent circuit consists of a single current source in parallel with a single resistor and ca ...
dc drive for universal motor
dc drive for universal motor

... For speed control of a universal motor it is possible to use either converters with phaseangle control (using triacs or thyristors) or PWM converters (using transistors). The output voltage can be adjusted manually or automatically using speed control (i.e. speed is adjusted manually). Since univers ...
Nat 4-5 Unit 2 Section 1 pupil notes update Electrical Circuits
Nat 4-5 Unit 2 Section 1 pupil notes update Electrical Circuits

... with a frequency of 50 Hz meaning that 50 cycles are completed each second. The peak voltage of an alternating supply is the maximum voltage it can produce. An a.c. supply cannot produce this maximum or peak voltage all of the time. An average quantity called the quoted or effective value is used to ...
Study and Analysis of Universal Gates Using Stacking Low
Study and Analysis of Universal Gates Using Stacking Low

...  Lot of tools available to automate the design process. ...
74VCX16245 Low Voltage 16-Bit Bidirectional Transceiver with 3.6V Tolerant Inputs and Outputs 7
74VCX16245 Low Voltage 16-Bit Bidirectional Transceiver with 3.6V Tolerant Inputs and Outputs 7

... The VCX16245 contains sixteen non-inverting bidirectional buffers with 3-STATE outputs and is intended for bus oriented applications. The device is byte controlled. Each byte has separate 3-STATE control inputs which can be shorted together for full 16-bit operation. The T/R inputs determine the dir ...
PV72-30 Proportional Flow Control Cartridge
PV72-30 Proportional Flow Control Cartridge

... The PV72-30 will regulate flow out of port ➂ regardless of system working pressure. With increasing current applied to the solenoid, the PV72-30 will increase output flow. Note: When used as a bypass flow control in applications where the priority flow port will be blocked by external valving, bypas ...
Wireless drive of a piezoelectric plate by capacitorlike structure in
Wireless drive of a piezoelectric plate by capacitorlike structure in

... piezoelectric plate is explored by using the electric resonance of a capacitorlike electric field generator and an inductor in series. In the capacitorlike electric field generator, the ac electric field is focused to a needle ground electrode from a plate-shaped live electrode through a piezoelectr ...
Document
Document

... for capacitance values of between 22pF and 47pF at 500MHz, the NMC-L series is ideally suited to high speed, high frequency applications such as those found in Bluetooth products. Manufactured using ultra stable, low loss NPO/COG dielectric, the devices are available with values ranging from 0.5pF t ...
Design of self-oscillating electronic ballast with high efficiency
Design of self-oscillating electronic ballast with high efficiency

... impedance. So there is no way for limiting the lamp current. In reference [3] proposed the input current shaper for both lamp current stabilization as well as to improve the power factor. Therefore, to limit lamp current and provide a stable operating point, the input DC-DC converter must control th ...
A1354 - Allegro MicroSystems
A1354 - Allegro MicroSystems

... Power-On Time, tPO , is defined as the time it takes, with no applied magnetic field (quiescent state), for the PWM output voltage duty cycle, D(Q) , to settle within ±5% of its steady state value, after the power supply has reached its minimum specified operating voltage, VCC(min). Response Time Th ...
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Opto-isolator



In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/μs.A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
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