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UNDERSTANDING HPS BALLASTS
UNDERSTANDING HPS BALLASTS

... supply that will maintain lamp wattages within the limits set for the lamps. At nominal line voltage, the wattage must be high enough to enter the window through the left hand side of the trapezoid, pass through the 100 volt/400 watt design center (within limits), and never exceed maximum wattage th ...
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Aalborg Universitet Kocewiak, Lukasz; Hjerrild, Jesper; Bak, Claus Leth
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... especially, in onshore located coastal areas, and offshore located open seas, WFs has made it necessary for manufacturers and transmission system operators (TSO) to investigate in large OWFs from a power grid operation, harmonic emission, stability and control point of view. Nowadays wind turbines a ...
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The IT earthing system (unearthed neutral) in LV
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The IT earthing system (unearthed neutral) in LV

... advantage of the IT earthing system: if, on the first fault, the value of network impedance with respect to earth means that contact voltage exceeds 50 V, safety of persons is not guaranteed. This is rare, however, as with a 10 Ω earth connection, the network’s earth leakage capacity must exceed 70 ...
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Opto-isolator



In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/μs.A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
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