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Rarely Asked Questions (Observing Maximum Ratings or How to
Rarely Asked Questions (Observing Maximum Ratings or How to

... why exceeding absolute maximum limits can cause damage allows us to design better systems. A zener diode is designed to conduct with a reverse voltage larger than its breakdown voltage and can safely carry large reverse currents. But other IC diodes, especially base-emitter junctions, are damaged by ...
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Micromouse Lecture #2 Power Motors Encoders

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... be easily implemented. The thermistor offers a low resistance at high temperature and high resistance at low temperature. This phenomenon is employed here for sensing the fire. The IC1 (NE555) is configured as a free running oscillator at audio frequency. The transistors T1 and T2 drive IC1. The out ...
DAT 2166
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... The DAT 2166 converter must be powered by a direct voltage included in the 18 V to 30 V range. The power supply must be applied between the terminals N (+V1) and M (GND1) for the channel 1, between the terminals R (+V2) and Q (GND2) for the channel 2 as shown in the section “Power supply connections ...
The Field Effect Transistor
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... Common-source JFET amplifier Using the same transistor, build the circuit below with a power supply for VDD and a signal generator for the variable input voltages, as shown in Figure 3. For a good operating point, the drain voltage should be between 3 V and 7 V. Measure the quiescent drain voltage f ...
Voltage and Current Conventions
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... Opposite charges attract When you give something an electric charge, Electrons are moving from one thing to another The Force between electric charges depends on the square of the distance An electron has a charge of -1.6 x 10-19 C. If an object has a charge of 8 x 10-19 C, describe what causes the ...
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... minimizing charge injection effects. Pedestal error is also reduced by the compensation network RC and CC. This compensation network also reduces the hold-time glitch, while optimizing the acquisition time. The circuit in Figure 1 gives the following results: droop rate of 2 mV/ms, pedestal error of ...
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...  Linear RC Step Response: the slope of the step response is proportional to the final value of the output, that is, if we apply a larger input step, the output rises more rapidly.  If Vin doubles, the output signal doubles at every point, therefore a twofold increase in the slope.  But the proble ...
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The Field Effect Transistor
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... Common-source JFET amplifier Using the same transistor, build the circuit below with a power supply for VDD and a signal generator for the variable input voltages, as shown in Figure 3. For a good operating point, the drain voltage should be between 3 V and 7 V. Measure the quiescent drain voltage f ...
4.5 Band Gap Energies and Spectrometry
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... The amount of bending depends on the wavelength or colour of the light. The light can constructively or destructively interfere to leave areas of darkness and colour. The amount of bending depends on the spacing and size of the lines on the diffraction grating. Light can be produced in a number of ...
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... 7. STAYING SAFE WITH ELECTRICITY Passing a current in a wire causes it to heat up.  If the current in a wire gets too high, ...
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... enclosure with the two plastic retaining rings and set screws (Figure 1). Position the end of the sensor so it is even with the bottom of the circular radiation shield under the enclosure. ...
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Opto-isolator



In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/μs.A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
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