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(b) (c) (d)
(b) (c) (d)

13 Electric Circuits
13 Electric Circuits

... Electric current is a flow of electrons. In a circuit, electrons actually flow through the metal wires. ...
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SPICE: Tutorial

... lines that contains the description of a circuit element lines that contains an analysis request or measurements nodes or model parameters Comment statements: lines starting with an asterisk (*) ...
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... reading will be positive. If the meter were hooked up in the reverse manner, a negative reading would result. The voltmeter is therefore an excellent instrument not only for measuring the voltage level but also for determining the polarity. Since the meter is always placed in parallel with the eleme ...
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... The QVM62.1 records the air velocity as a measured value and converts it to an active DC 0...10 V or 4…20 mA output signal. Three measuring ranges are available: 0...5 m/s, 0...10 m/s, and 0...15 m/s. The sensor measures a point, i.e., it measures the values at a specific location in the flow profil ...
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... within the common-mode range, the comparator will provide a proper output state. The low input voltage state must not be less than –0.3V (or 0.3V bellow the negative power supply, if used)6.Maximum values are guaranteed by design. ...
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Opto-isolator



In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/μs.A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
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