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BAUR_violaTD_FINAL_english_TEXT
BAUR_violaTD_FINAL_english_TEXT

... In spite of their sturdiness, some plastic-insulated cables (PE, VPE) do reach their limits. The reason often is “water trees” (see Figure). They spread like little trees wherever there is a fault in the insulation, but don’t necessarily affect the functionality. They become “electrical trees” only ...
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... A semiconductor is just an insulator that has an energy gap small enough for there to be an appreciable probability for an electron to be thermally excited across it at room temperature. For example, Ge, Si, and diamond all have full valence bands, but the gap energy of Ge is 0.67 eV, for Si it is 1 ...
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... maximum possible voltage the battery can provide between its terminal. You can think it like the voltage of an ideal battery with no internal resistance. ...
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Opto-isolator



In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/μs.A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
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