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lecture 2.slides
lecture 2.slides

... Sustainability of debt: govts worry about debt/gdp: • many developing countries get into trouble (Mexico) - desire for growth • non-taxpayers / taxpayers increasing due to ‘demographic time bomb’ e.g. % 65+ ...
PDF Download
PDF Download

... After a recovery in November, the industrial confidence indicator declined in December 2007. Yet the level of the indicator remains well above its long-term average. Among the large EU Member States, industrial confidence rose only in Germany, while it weakened in the UK, Spain, France and Italy. It ...
Notes
Notes

... From a policy perspective, this raises several questions. First, how readily can interest rates be changed? Second, how do changes in the short term fed funds rate affect other interest rates. Third, so what? - do interest rates affect economic activity? In fact, the Fed has very little ability to a ...
Yes, r > g. So what? By N. Gregory Mankiw Harvard University
Yes, r > g. So what? By N. Gregory Mankiw Harvard University

... We can now recalibrate Piketty’s logic taking these three effects into account. Piketty reasons that resources of the wealthy would grow relative to the labor income if r > g. We can now see, however, that this condition is not sufficient once consumption, procreation, and taxation are accounted for ...
Comments on Latin American Outlook 2009: Fiscal Policy and
Comments on Latin American Outlook 2009: Fiscal Policy and

... Sources: Consensus Forecasts (as of February 09), ECLAC and World Bank. LAC growth range is based on LCRCE Estimations ...
Economics 101
Economics 101

... by purchasing $240 worth of government securities to the public. 14 B Since PV = FV/(1+r)^T, where FV is the face value of the bond, r is the interest rate, and T is the time until the bond matures, we have: PV = 10000/(1+0.05)^2 = $9070.29. 15 A Choice A corresponds to the speculative motive for ho ...
Lecture 7: Factors Affect Current Account
Lecture 7: Factors Affect Current Account

DISSERTATION PAPER
DISSERTATION PAPER

... Current account sustainability  the current account balance is an important and intriguing measure of macroeconomic performance for economies in transition;  it is often difficult to distinguish between current account deficits that are the consequence of growth inducing capital inflows and curre ...
Taxes Fact Sheet - Face the Facts USA
Taxes Fact Sheet - Face the Facts USA

... There is little agreement on the proper level of taxation in America, but nearly everybody in the tax debate agrees the current tax structure is too complicated. The federal income tax code alone runs more than 70,000 pages. It contains many special credits, deductions, and exemptions that offer way ...
Fiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy

... this year and higher future taxes. I’ll simply save more in the present so I can pay the higher future taxes required to pay interest and to repay principal on the new debt. But, of course, if I’m going to save more, I’ll have to consume less. 1. Current consumption will fall as a result of expansio ...
PDF Download
PDF Download

... countries are – to a lesser of greater degree – affected by the same problem. The data on shrinking populations are already known. Nothing will change that in the short term. The effects of this development depend on the evolution of many other variables like growth, immigration, women’s labour forc ...
Real GDP Accelerating
Real GDP Accelerating

... a loop. Trying to estimate growth in the second quarter is even tougher than others because that’s the time of year when the government goes back and revises the GDP reports for the past few years. Moreover, the government has had persistent problems seasonally adjusting GDP, tending to underestimat ...
Midterm Exam
Midterm Exam

... 1. You measure the real wage rate in an economy as w = $25 per hour. The consumption of an average household as being equal to C = 2400 per month. The household is endowed with TIME = 24*30 = 720 hours in an average month and is observed to spend L = 240 hours in labor. Assume that the household has ...
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Power Point

... realize that the government, at some time in the future, will have to raise taxes to pay back the debt. ...
Fiscal Policy - Granbury ISD
Fiscal Policy - Granbury ISD

... more expansionary or contractionary than changing taxes. Why? – Part of any change in taxes comes from or goes into savings. ...
Price level (P) Real GDP (Y) B′ Note that output (Y) has not
Price level (P) Real GDP (Y) B′ Note that output (Y) has not

... production would rise, and the economy would move to point D, the new intersection of the AD and SAS curves. But at D the workers are upset again: the price level increase has outstripped the nominal wage rate increase, and the real wage is again down. They bargain up the nominal wage. The end of th ...
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View - Suffolk County Council

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If you were invited to give a talk to a group of citizens in Shanghai
If you were invited to give a talk to a group of citizens in Shanghai

... exceeds the increase in expected inflation in the short run . 2. If prices are fully flexible in the long run, the real rate eventually returns to the normal following a shift to higher money ...
Nominal and Real GDP
Nominal and Real GDP

... faster than the government says. • Insurance costs are not adequately measured because they are not based on policy premiums, but only the “net” – i.e., the rising cost of accidents is treated as an intermediate service and not counted. • Higher property taxes are not included, and neither are incre ...
What is Macroeconomics?
What is Macroeconomics?

... We are also interested in the long-run issues of the wealth of nations: • why do long-term national growth rates differ? • what are the costs of long-term growth? ...
Chapter 8 Inflation and Unemployment
Chapter 8 Inflation and Unemployment

... b. Frictional– this is unemployment that results from changing from one job to another. c. Structural – when there is a change in the business or sector that now causes a mismatch of skills. d. Cyclical – this is unemployment that occurs due to a swing in the economy. This is the only macro level un ...
www.xtremepapers.net
www.xtremepapers.net

... The government announces a decrease in government expenditure on goods and services and reduces the standard rate of income tax. Which line shows the new expenditure function resulting from these changes? A ...
Economics 154b Spring 2006 National Income
Economics 154b Spring 2006 National Income

... Irving Fisher (Yale) ...
UNIT 5-2
UNIT 5-2

... Definition: Cuts in taxes will produce business investment that will compensate for the loss of money due to the lower tax rates. Tax rates will be lower, but business will boom, unemployment will go down, incomes will go up, and more money will come into the Treasury. Most associated with the Reaga ...
Final Exam Practice Questions
Final Exam Practice Questions

... Increase, firms can earn a high return by lending their funds to others. D. Decrease, firms can earn a high return by lending their funds to others. ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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