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Comparing Compensation: Trends in Executive Pay
Comparing Compensation: Trends in Executive Pay

... this to fuel the debate on executive retirement programs, “especially as more and more companies consider switching from defined benefit to defined contribution plans.” However, these increases are not expected to have much of an impact on say-on-pay votes, unless the pension plan has been a problem ...
1+ r
1+ r

... In most countries, the government sector takes a large share of gross national disposable income and accounts for an important part of domestic absorption. In this context, the government ’s decisions to tax and spend are bound to have macroeconomic repercussions.  If personal income taxes are incr ...
Stage 2 Semester 1 Examination 2011 Penrhos College
Stage 2 Semester 1 Examination 2011 Penrhos College

... The RBA’s assistant governor, Dr Philip Lowe told a forum in Sydney that Australia’s commodity boom was leading to “very strong” employment growth in the mining sector. Surging investment in the resources sector is increasing demand for engineers, project managers, equipment hirers, lawyers and acco ...
Macroeconomics, 6e (Abel et al.) Chapter 15 Government
Macroeconomics, 6e (Abel et al.) Chapter 15 Government

... Question Status: Previous Edition  ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES ON THE WELFARE COSTS OF CONSUMPTION UNCERTAINTY
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES ON THE WELFARE COSTS OF CONSUMPTION UNCERTAINTY

... Lucas (1987, Ch. 3; 2003, section II) argued that the welfare gain from eliminating uncertainty in aggregate consumption is trivial. He got this answer by using parameters for the time series of real per capita consumer expenditure from U.S. postWorld War II macroeconomic data, along with plausible ...
TURKEY 2001-2004: IMF Strangulation, Tightening Debt Trap, and Lopsided Recovery
TURKEY 2001-2004: IMF Strangulation, Tightening Debt Trap, and Lopsided Recovery

... targets achieving a 6.5 percent surplus for the public sector as a ratio to the gross domestic product; (2) contractionary monetary policy (through an independent central bank) that exclusively aims at price stability (via eventually inflation targeting); and (3) structural reforms consisting of man ...
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... region? If so, does this structural change persist through time since the financial crisis? The emphasis in this paper is on human development. Economists have long made the distinction between economic growth and improvements in human well being. Although the two are highly correlated, there are re ...
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Economics 215 Intermediate Macroeconomics 9
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... CPI (CPIt) cost of a fixed market basket of consumer goods relative to the cost in a base year (weighted average of the prices of goods consumed using fixed expenditures as weights). Inflation: Growth rate of price level Pt  Pt 1 t  Pt 1 ...
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Who pays for the EU and how much does it cost the UK?
Who pays for the EU and how much does it cost the UK?

... programmes, the starting assumption would be that the imposition on each Member State should also be 1% of GNI. In various tables this amount is presented as the ‘gross contribution’, a hypothetical amount of what they should pay if they were to contribute pro rata to the EU’s income. However, for a ...
Political Economy: wealth and poverty
Political Economy: wealth and poverty

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KEY - Personal.psu.edu
KEY - Personal.psu.edu

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Managing interest rate risk
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... GROUP TREASURER ...
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... recommendations. Limited progress has been made in ensuring the long-term sustainability of public finances. The appointment of the Fiscal Council has been further delayed and the amendments to the Public Finance Act still need to be adopted by the Parliament. The government published a white paper ...
L21-23. - Harvard Kennedy School
L21-23. - Harvard Kennedy School

... Significant determinants are apparently counterparty risk & liquidity, proxied by financial stock CDS, VIX, implied fx volatility, OIS bid-ask spreads & Fed swap lines. Inês Isabel Sequeira de Freitas Serra, ”Covered Interest Parity,” NOVA – School of Business & Economics, Lisbon, Jan. 2012 ...
Since 2002, the U.S. has seen the emergence of
Since 2002, the U.S. has seen the emergence of

... deficit: first, an increase in government expenditure not matched by an increase in tax revenues; and, second, a decrease in labor and capital tax rates not matched by a reduction in expenditure. Under both policies, the increase in the budget deficit is equivalent to about 1% of GDP in the short ru ...
Economics 101 Name
Economics 101 Name

... family members having to work, to greater debt and less savings, to later marriage and fewer children, and perhaps to a tax revolt. The slow growth compared to other countries has also contributed to the trade deficits. ...
BACK TO THE FUTURE FOR THE FED
BACK TO THE FUTURE FOR THE FED

... policy independence to the Fed after a nine-year period of fiscal dominance by the Treasury. The question today is whether we are entering a new period of fiscal dominance in which the Fed will have to give up control of its balance sheet and interest rate policy in order to save the U.S. from secul ...
Aging and Deflation from a Fiscal Perspective
Aging and Deflation from a Fiscal Perspective

... Recently, negative correlations between inflation and demographic aging were observed in developed nations. Figure 1 shows a negative relationship between the GDP deflator and growth of the working-age population in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, implying ...
Gordon Chapter 7_Final_com_Quadros
Gordon Chapter 7_Final_com_Quadros

... As shown above, property and import taxes have not been important in the formation of total revenue of the public sector in Brazil. More specifically, import taxes, which raised 50 percent of the federal government’s revenue in the 1920s, have lost ground since the 1940s and continue to decline. Fr ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FISCAL POLICY IN THE AFTERMATH OF 9/11
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FISCAL POLICY IN THE AFTERMATH OF 9/11

... However, the responses of the surplus to GDP ratio and tax rates are substantially less well explained by the 9/11 shock. For example, the declines in average capital and labor tax rates are much larger than our conditional forecast. Perhaps even more striking is the difference between the actual and ...
M G F :
M G F :

... the short term, the targets relating to revenue deficit were rescheduled for its elimination by 2009-10, while those relating to fiscal deficit were set to be achieved as per the mandate in the Act. 10.8 The ratio of revenue deficit to fiscal deficit increased from an average of 46.26 per cent durin ...
e-Brief - CD Howe Institute
e-Brief - CD Howe Institute

... abnormally sustained low rate environment can be explained by traditional economic and financial factors. The low government bond yields could simply reflect two factors: a secular decline in the premium for longer term bonds and persistent slack in the US economy since the beginning of the Great Re ...
Comparing Individual Retirement Accounts in Asia: Singapore
Comparing Individual Retirement Accounts in Asia: Singapore

... This paper compares the different approaches of Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong, and China with respect to how they manage their respective defined contribution, individual retirement account systems. The four cases illustrate important differences in terms of some of the key issues in design of DC s ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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